So, today we will talk about how to pass the Unified State Exam. In fact, this is a rather interesting question that many schoolchildren puzzle over. This is especially true for those who want to study nothing and still get good scores. And so today we will try to find out everything that can relate to final school exams. In fact, if you put everything “on the shelves”, then everything will be extremely simple and understandable.

What is this?

First, we need to understand what we will be dealing with today. This is especially important for school graduates. The Unified State Exam will affect them in grades 9 and 11.

In fact, what is commonly called the unified state exam is nothing more than a test of the student’s accumulated knowledge in a particular subject. There are so-called mandatory profiles, and there are additional ones. It is thanks to such verification that school graduates can enter a university in one direction or another. “If I pass the Unified State Exam (mathematics, specialized level), I will be able to enroll in mathematics or physics,” is how many applicants reason.

But everything is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. Just a year ago a very interesting change was introduced. Previously, everyone took the Unified State Exam at the same level and in all selected subjects, with the exception of the compulsory ones - mathematics and the Russian language. At the moment, the exam in the mathematical discipline is divided into 2 parts - basic and specialized. If you do not need mathematics for admission, then choose option 1. Are you thinking about math faculty? Then you will have to take a specialized exam. But this is not all that can be said about our topic today. Let's try to understand how the exam works and how to pass it.

Rules

All students are sent to different schools (USE bases) on the appointed dates, where they must pass the final assessment of knowledge. As a rule, compulsory subjects are taught on different days. But the optional ones can cost several pieces per day. If it turns out that the subjects “matched”, then you will have to write an application at your school so that you will be given the opportunity to take some discipline another time.

“If I pass the specialized Unified State Examination (mathematics), as well as other exams, I will be able to enter a good university,” this is exactly what many school graduates think. But in reality we get a situation that is not particularly encouraging. The competition among applicants is enormous, the scores vary, and the tension increases every time. This is understandable - every year new and more stringent rules for conducting the Unified State Exam are invented. And now we will get to know them.

After settling the situation with several exams in one day, it is worth preparing for the test, and then arriving at the appointed place at the right time. There are just some small rules that everyone must follow.

First, you should not have a mobile phone with you. And no gadgets at all. Sometimes even a harmless player can cause removal from the exam. If you managed to bring a mobile phone with you (now they will check you right at the entrance), then try to make sure that it does not ring. And you better turn it off.

You also cannot withdraw from the exam (exit) or leave the classroom on your own. This is allowed only in the presence of an accompanying person and only 2 times maximum. Of course, if you really need to go to the toilet or feel unwell, you may be allowed to go out more often.

The examinee has the right to bring a chocolate bar with him to the exam (unfolded so that it does not rustle) and a bottle of water. You will need to place them on the edge of the table at which you are sitting.

It is prohibited to take bags into your workplace. They are usually left at the entrance to the classroom - there are usually several chairs there on which you place your backpacks.

Communicating and talking during the exam, as well as freely moving around the classroom and cheating is strictly prohibited. After looking at these rules, many begin to think about how to pass the Unified State Exam. And answering this question can be very difficult. But we will figure out how to implement the idea. But first, let’s figure out whether it’s necessary to take the exam at all.

Dilemma

To be honest, whether you need to take the Unified State Exam or not, everyone decides for themselves. But in general it is customary to undergo this type of knowledge assessment. This is generally a mandatory item for applicants. If you do not plan to enroll, but want to become a housewife or work “for yourself” without higher education, then you must pass an assessment of knowledge in the Russian language and mathematics (basic level).

As already mentioned, applicants are required to pass exams to enter a university. Typically, educational institutions post in advance a list of specialties and subjects required for admission. At the moment, the student must make his choice before February 28. From now on you will have to prepare to test your knowledge.

In addition, the required passing scores will also be posted on the universities’ websites. The higher the amount for all selected subjects that are needed for the specialty, the better it will be for you - the greater the chance of entering on a budget.

In general, you are required to pass the Unified State Examination in mathematics and Russian language. Next there will be several subjects (sometimes one), which will give you the opportunity to choose a specialty. Plus, universities also choose the main science in which priority competition for budget-funded places will be held. For example, in the math department it is mathematics, in the medical department it is biology, in the philological department it is Russian, in the physical and technical department it is physics, in the physical education department it is physical education, in the historical department it is history, and so on. The higher the score in this subject, the better.

As a rule, which exams to take, everyone decides for themselves. It has already been said many times that it depends on the faculty and specialty you choose. For the most part, schoolchildren take Russian language, mathematics and social studies. These subjects are enough to enroll in management or economics.

If you didn't pass?

What to do if you haven't passed the Unified State Exam? A lot of people think about this. To be honest, there are several fairly simple options for action here. The first is to come at the appointed time to the exam point in the subject and try to retake it. Of course, you will have to prepare well. This is exactly what will be your lifeline if you decide to go to university.

The second option is to get a certificate of listening to lessons at school and go to work. As a rule, this prospect does not make schoolchildren very happy. This is understandable - no one wants to end up with a “nose” when you spent 11 years at school.

In addition, some school graduates can take the Unified State Exam at the university where they want to enter. As a rule, this opportunity is available only to those whose knowledge assessment has already expired. Please note that it can be very difficult to pass the re-test. Is it possible to take the Unified State Exam at school again? No. In the best case, you will actually be allowed to take a retake or sent to a university for testing.

Preparing for the "execution"

Many people are interested in how to pass the Unified State Exam. And now we will try to give you some very interesting and simple tips that will definitely help you in solving your task. Let's start by doing a little preparation for the process.

Pay attention to the time remaining before the exam. If you “came to your senses” within a week, you will have to work hard to solve the problem. But when you start to panic long before the “doomsday”, you can relax a little. The thing is that now, as a rule, they prepare for the Unified State Exam in schools, in graduate classes, directly in the classroom. Or at a time specially designated for this matter.

Besides, you will have to calm down. Panic and tension are something that can drive anyone crazy. If you are nervous, you will most likely forget all the information you were taught.

Also inquire about the required scores for admission to the university. They are usually not very high (for a contract basis). It is also advisable to prepare for the fact that you will not be on budget when you take the exam. It's about preparing finances. If they are your personal and not your parents’, then this will not only be an incentive to save money, but also a reason to relieve stress. After all, many mothers and fathers put a lot of pressure on their child, saying that they will have to pay for his education.

The last step is to find a quiet and peaceful place to prepare, where no one will disturb you. Sometimes this can be a park, a hotel room, a rented apartment, or even your own room. It all depends on you. Now that a little preparation has been done, you can think about how to pass the Unified State Exam.

Own mind

The first scenario is usually the most honest. After all, we are talking about passing the exam with your own knowledge. To do this, of course, you will have to learn material on a particular subject. There is no need to cram it - in a tense environment you may simply forget to “cram.”

In order for the exam to be successful, you must have the desire to pass it. And, of course, zeal for this. You can try to educate yourself - some people learn the material better when they “dig” into it and understand it themselves. If you constantly need control in this matter, then it is better to enroll in specialized courses to prepare for the Unified State Exam.

Remember that you cannot study all the material in the subjects in the last days. During this period, it is better to simply skim through the text in order to refresh what you have read. Don't overload your brain, otherwise you will simply fail the exam. And then you will have to go for a retake. But passing exams with your knowledge is far from the most popular way to solve the problem. Quite often, students are interested in how to pass the Unified State Exam in any case: with or without knowledge in their heads. And now we will try to help such applicants.

We delay the moment

The second scenario is not entirely fair. But he is able to help those who rely only on their own strength and knowledge, but for some reason do not have time to learn everything. You can delay the moment of judgment a little by having a good reason for being absent from the exam. This may be evidence of a difficult situation in the family or illness (treatment).

Nowadays you can get a certificate of illness very quickly and easily. As a rule, some doctors are willing to make concessions to some students. In extreme cases, some depict a real illness. Usually this is an acute respiratory viral infection with fever. And if you have doctors in your family, then the problem is solved very quickly.

If you provide all evidence of your illness, your exam time will be rescheduled. During this time, you will be required to prepare to the end, and then make your dream come true. Honestly, there are other methods that help answer how to pass the Unified State Exam. Which ones exactly? Let's figure it out now.

Ordering answers

On the Internet today you can “run into” a bunch of offers to provide ready-made answers to the Unified State Exam. There are several options for the development of events - obtaining ready-made answers from the exam database, as well as an individual solution directly during the exam.

It’s worth noting right away that this is not the cheapest pleasure. Moreover, there are no guarantees that the answer is correct. Recently, students have been trying to order ready-made answers, because it is quite difficult, if not impossible, to photograph the forms with assignments right in the classroom.

In reality, this scenario does not work very well. Often you will just pay the scammers and also get answers from another exam. Or completely made up. Maybe some of the options will coincide with reality, but that’s not what we need, right? Thus, it is worth worrying about other methods to solve the problem.

Gadgets to help

Particularly cunning and resourceful schoolchildren try to cheat on exams using various gadgets. Sometimes these are just "spurs" on the phone, sometimes - formulas, occasionally - complete material and even answers on a particular subject. It depends only on the student’s intelligence.

True, recently a rather interesting way of cheating with the help of gadgets is the use of the so-called micro-earphone. You call your friend, place the earphone in your ear (it will not be visible), and then use the phone to communicate with him. Read the task and wait for the answer.

But don’t delude yourself ahead of time. Currently, bringing gadgets into the territory of the Unified State Exam is prohibited. And if you manage to do this, then you risk being kicked out of the exam. Then you will not be able to find out how you passed the profile Unified State Exam or the basic exam, because the results will not be given to you. They will be cancelled. And you will have to be tested again.

Sometimes, of course, you manage to bring your phone to the exam. But don’t rejoice - most Unified State Examination points install special signal blockers. Thus, no communication on the territory of the “base” will be “caught”. Neither the Internet nor a mobile phone will help you.

Preparing cheat sheets

How to pass the Unified State Exam? To be honest, you can try to prepare cheat sheets. This is a fairly old and already proven method that can help many students. You don't even have to use them. The Spurs' help is based on something different.

The thing is that while writing them, you read and try to remember more material. Thus, writing cheat sheets is the same thing as studying a subject, but with a little safety net. You will be sure that if you forget something, you will always be able to spy on the material. The main thing is to hide the clues. How to do this? Decide for yourself. Some people write the entire textbook on a small piece of paper in small handwriting and then hide it in a shoe or sock, while others write a lot of “stickers” and “stuff” them all over their pockets. Choose the option that suits you best.

The main thing is that cheat sheets really help. At a minimum, they force you to involuntarily read and remember the material, and their presence also helps to calm your own nerves. It is calmness that often becomes the key to success.

Conclusion

So, today we got acquainted with the unified state exam, the rules for its conduct, as well as several common opinions on how you can pass this test.

In general, the Unified State Exam is very important for a student. Without this verification, it is now impossible to enroll in a university. But it is precisely this type of assessment of knowledge that becomes the cause of many troubles and deaths - nervous breakdowns and suicides among schoolchildren, as well as discord even in the most friendly families. Therefore, try to remain calm on the eve of the exam. If you can’t do this on your own, then seek the help of a neurologist and psychologist.

Oh, well that's easy enough if you're in 10th grade right now. If at 11, you woke up a little late, of course, but there is still a chance and quite a big one.

First, you need to set a goal for yourself and work towards it. My goal was 100, I started from the very beginning of 11th grade. My baggage was very small, mainly formed on the basis of a course in Russian literature of the 19th century and the work of Karamzin as retold by my father-historian. So you must sit down and clearly evaluate what you can hope for. I was preparing together with a friend, an applicant to a provincial law school, who didn’t try very hard, but he just needed to overcome the threshold of 50 points, which he successfully did.

1. The best textbook for passing the Unified State Exam is the Moscow State University history textbook by Orlov and Georgiev. You can buy it almost anywhere and it is very convenient. We teach “theory” using it.

2. Then you need to buy benefits. I took the usual ones from FIPI, plus a separate manual for complex tasks. Take a book with CIMs and solve them, write part C in full in a specially kept notebook. It is advisable to find a teacher who can test them. Or by keys. Solve as many tests as possible and get better at it.

3. Learn the codifier. Or at least read it carefully several times. You must know how each task is done. What points are given and taken away for? I highly recommend finding materials for teachers testing the Unified State Exam on the Fipi website - there are samples of tasks completed for average and high scores (Part C).

4. Buy manuals with pictures and maps. The most frequently asked questions about maps are Slavic tribes, major battles and uprisings. It is very desirable to know what each ruler of Russia looks like (I’m not talking about Rurik and Svyatoslav, but it is imperative to distinguish Khrushchev from Andropov and Chernenko).

5. Keep tables. From the largest battles of World War II to the reforms of Alexander I. If convenient, take notes. I didn’t write and just circled the right places in the textbook because it’s easier for me.

6. If you want a good score, don’t forget about culture. A lot of people miss it, especially those who are not preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature. Feofan the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Falcone, Ton, Feofan Prokopovich and others, others, others. Learn famous churches, buildings, paintings, artists. There is a lot (!!!) of things here. Don't forget the culture of the 80s and 90s. Including TV shows.

7. Hang excerpts from your least favorite and difficult topics above the table. For me, these were all sorts of officials of the USSR (this question is very popular on the Unified State Exam) and the Pugachev uprising, I don’t even know why.

8. Be prepared to study one topic 8, 9, 10 times. History is forgotten terribly quickly because there is so much information. I advise you to start with the most ancient one and end with Putin, it’s also advisable to learn him, you never know what they’ll come up with.

9. Find a friend and prepare together. It's fun and interesting, especially if your friend knows much more than you.

The main stage of the Unified State Exam will be completed at the end of June. According to the law, not only yesterday’s schoolchildren, but also graduates of previous years can take it; the main thing is to have time to submit an application to the Regional Information Processing Center before February 1. As a rule, this is how the Unified State Exam is taken by those who did not enter their desired university after school, took time out to prepare or joined the army, and a year later decided to try again. But often among the graduates of past years there are people over 20 and even 30 years old. Sometimes they already have one higher education, but according to the rules of the university where they decided to receive a second higher education, passing the Unified State Exam is mandatory. For example, it may be asked to pass if the new profession has nothing to do with the existing diploma.

The rules for adults are the same as for teenagers: you are allowed to bring only water, medicine and chocolate with you, you can only write with a black gel pen, and there are cameras in the offices. We learned how adults who already had one higher education, the birth of a child, and work experience took the unified state exam.

Studying after maternity leave

Maria

23 years old, left school to work, but decided to continue it after the birth of the child

I left school for college at a law school after the ninth grade, so I only took the State Exam. I entered through internal exams on a budget and had no plans to quit studying at all. I studied excellently throughout the first year, received a scholarship, and after the second year I went to work. I was 17 years old, and something clicked in my head. I decided that I’d rather spend my time working and get paid for it than sit in lectures when everyone around me is making noise and I’m not really getting any information. It was easier for me to prepare at home and come only for exams, but the college did not provide the possibility of distance learning, so I was left for the second year. I went back to my second year, while working two jobs - during the day as a notary's assistant, and at night in a call center. I failed at the lecture; during my third year of study at college I attended ten times, no more. So they asked me to pick up the documents, and I myself was not against it.

I lived alone since I was 18 years old. She just worked and got all the pleasures that a lonely young girl with a salary above 50 thousand rubles can afford. By that time, I had already left the notary office, and the company where I got a job in the call center promoted me. Six months after I met the young man, I married him; I was 20 years old at the time, and a year and a half after the wedding, my son was born. It was then that I began to think about continuing my studies. Nowadays, without a crust after 25, no one really needs you, and I don’t plan to be on maternity leave for the rest of my life.

Preparation for the exam

I prepared for the exams through the Algorithm distance school. She also organizes attachment to a public school, appoints curators, and conducts sessions, including those from the Moscow Center for Quality Education. We had classes twice a week - in Russian and mathematics. I didn’t go to the lessons themselves, but, of course, I attended the sessions. It cost 10 thousand rubles a month, the entire training took nine months. I was lucky, my husband took care of the payment, but in our group there were people who took out loans or worked for days so that they had enough to live and study.

We took the Unified State Exam on the same day as schoolchildren throughout the country. We were told in advance the dates and addresses of the schools where we should take the tests. I was assigned to a regular Moscow school; according to the database, I was enrolled in the 11th grade of self-education. At the entrance I was almost undressed. I was wearing a wrap-around sweater with a bustier underneath, and the guard asked to show me if I really didn’t have any cheat sheets. But I didn’t give in, and then there was no special attention to me. But I know for sure that the guys carried cheat sheets in their shoes, and then took them out in the toilet. One guy hid his phone under his belt, and when the security guard’s metal detector went off, his colleague simply said, “He’s probably acting up.” Come on in."

I prepared for the math exam only for the first six months, and then rather superficially. There was nothing very difficult in the assignments, at least I had enough knowledge from the ninth grade seven years ago to write a B. At school, I consistently got a D in algebra, but our teacher was simply the best, so this D gave me more than many of their A's. It was important to know the basics, especially since the exam gives out frequently used formulas, you just need to be able to apply them.

I didn’t prepare for the Russian language at all - and I always knew it well. I passed with 73 points, which is five if translated into a five-point system. If I had prepared, I probably would have scored more points. Although the Russian really pissed me off. One of the tasks sounded like this: “Choose a phrase in which the word is agreed incorrectly. Write this word correctly." I chose the sentence “He began to act more despondent,” and in the line for the correct answer I wrote down one word: “dejectedly.” The assignment clearly states “word”, not “words”. It turned out that I had to write down the phrase “more depressing,” and I didn’t get a point. Such cases are dealt with in the Unified State Exam collections; if I had seriously prepared, I would have known about this. But, in my opinion, this is dishonest: I have not memorized all the collections, but this does not mean that I do not know the Russian language.

Exam

I wasn't worried at all before the exam. Unlike schoolchildren, I did not have teachers who would intimidate me, telling me that my future depended on the Unified State Exam. I already had my own life - family, work experience. If I had not passed, the sky would not have fallen on my head; I would have been upset only because of the money that was spent on studying.

I haven’t decided yet which university and what specialty to enroll in, but I’m leaning toward marketing. The first thing was to get a certificate and pass the mandatory Unified State Exam in Russian and mathematics. I hope I’ll make up my mind and apply next year, even if I have to take some extra exams.

Sudden exam

Anna

I accidentally passed the Unified State Exam in Russian at the age of 32

I have a legal education, and from the very beginning I worked as a lawyer. I decided to get my second degree for myself, and not for work. I chose the institute simply: so that it had good reviews and was convenient to get to. RUDN University fell under these criteria, and that’s where I went. When I arrived to submit documents, I asked what exams would be, and they told me that I would have written and oral exams in English and an essay in Russian, and they set a day when I had to take all this. I was preparing for foreign language, but I didn’t even think about essay. There are always free topics, I choose them, and that’s all.

On the appointed day, I arrive for the exam, and they tell me that they looked at my documents: I had my first education a long time ago, and, naturally, I did not pass the Unified State Exam, so I need to do it now. There were about 30 other people with me, the same adults. We go in - there is only a piece of paper on the table, a black pen, phones must be turned off and put away. It’s schoolchildren who are searched and put through metal detectors; this won’t happen to us. But there was still no place to copy, and there was no need, it’s just a test.

The most difficult thing was to understand the task itself. Everything in the description is so complicated and confusing that you need to sit and think about what is required of you. It happened that the task took up seven lines, and the primitive answer took only one. Overall this is a simple exam. Those who remember at least something from school will definitely pass it. In general, I always knew Russian well, got straight A’s and won at the Olympiads.

Most of those who were with me then definitely passed and ended up in the same group with me. No one was worried at all either before or during the exam. It seems to me that our Faculty of Linguistics is famous for the fact that we never worried about anything and everything was always fine with us.

Competition with my son

Pauline

to become a teacher, I took the Unified State Exam at the same time as my son

I studied at the Moscow Aviation Institute at the Faculty of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, dropped out, and at almost 38 years old I decided to go to pedagogical school to become a mathematics teacher. You can recover at the institute within five years, but for me more time had already passed, so there was only one option - to enroll again and take the Unified State Exam in Russian language, mathematics and social studies. I have five children, this was the main reason why I left the institute and did not study for a long time. The older children are quite old, and it turned out that we took the exams at the same time as our middle son. We even had a little competition to see who could get the most points. My son had other subjects, but in the end we had a draw - the overall score was the same.

To sign up for the Unified State Exam, you need to go to the Regional Information Processing Center in the Semenovskaya metro area in Moscow, write an application there, present your school certificate, and choose which dates are more convenient for you to take the exams. The center already issues a referral to a specific school. I took math and Russian early in March-April, and social studies in June, along with everyone else. All groups consisted entirely of graduates from previous years. There were no schoolchildren among us, only adults who took the Unified State Exam for different universities.

Passing the Unified State Exam

I was only a little worried, I understood that my life did not depend on the exam. For us, everything was set up the same way as for schoolchildren: metal detectors, frames, you had to warn if you wanted to go out. If it was possible to carry a cheat sheet, it would only be a paper one. When I took exams after school, it was somehow easier. Firstly, I could try to enter several universities at once, each had its own exams, but here there was only one exam - one chance. Secondly, in mathematics at a technical university I had five tasks, but all were difficult, designed for a high level. There are 19 tasks here, most of which can, in principle, be thrown away. If a person solves the last seven difficult ones, then he will definitely solve the 12 simple ones.

I didn’t really prepare, I decided to go with what was put aside and remained in my head after school and first education. And this is my mistake. If I had been familiar with the requirements and assessment criteria, I would have received a higher score. With mathematics it even turned out a little offensive: I solved the number, but according to the criteria, the commission could not give me a full point, but gave me one out of three. I went to appeal. I had enough points to qualify for the budget, but I wanted to defend my point of view. The appeal did not bring additional points, but it turned out to be useful as an experience, especially for the future teacher.

1. Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 17th century.

9th century – Formation of the Old Russian state.
862 - “Calling of the Varangians” to Rus'.
862–879 - The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
879–912 – The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
882 – Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
907, 911 – Oleg’s campaigns to Constantinople. Treaties with the Greeks.
912–945 – The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
945 – Revolt of the Drevlyans.
945–962 - The reign of Princess Olga during the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
957 – Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
962–972 - The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
964–972 – Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
980–1015 – The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
988 – Adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
1019–1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
1037 – Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
1045 – Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
OK. 1072 – Final design of the “Russian Truth” (“The Truth of the Yaroslavichs”).
1097 – Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
1113–1125 – The Great Reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
1125–1157 – Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
1136 – Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
1147 – The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle.
1157–1174 – The reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky.
1165 – Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
1185 – Campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
1199 – Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
1202 – Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1223, May 31st. - Battle of the Kalka River.
1237–1240 – Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Khan Batu into Rus'.
1237 – Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238, March 4. – Battle of the City River.
1240, July 15. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights on the Neva River by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich. Nicknamed Nevsky.
1240 – Defeat of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars.
1242, April 5. - Battle on the ice. The defeat of the crusaders on Lake Peipus by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
1243 – Formation of the Golden Horde state.
1252–1263 - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the Grand Duke's throne of Vladimir.
1264 – Collapse of the Galician-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
1276 – Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
1325–1340 – The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
1326 - Transfer of the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
1327 – Uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1359–1389 – The reign of Prince (from 1362 – Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 – Donskoy) in Moscow.
OK. 1360–1430 – Life and work of Andrei Rublev.
1378 – Battle of the Vozha River.
1380, September 8. – Battle of Kulikovo.
1382 – Defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
1389–1425 – The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
1410, July 15. - Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.
1425–1453 – Dynastic war between the sons and grandsons of Dmitry Donskoy.
1439 – Florentine Church Union about the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
1448 – Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Rus'. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
1453 – Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
1462–1505 – The reign of Ivan III.
1463 – Yaroslavl annexed to Moscow.
1469–1472 – Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1471 – Battle of the Moscow and Novgorod troops on the Sheloni River.
1478 – Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480 - “Standing on the Ugra River.” Elimination of the Horde yoke.
1484–1508 – Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Chamber of Facets, brick walls.
1485 – Tver annexed to Moscow.
1497 – Compilation of the Code of Laws of Ivan III. Establishing uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the entire country, limiting the right of peasants to transfer from one feudal lord to another - the week before and the week after November 26 (St. George's Day in the fall).
End of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries. – Completion of the process of formation of the Russian centralized state.
1503 - Controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-acquisitive people, who preached the refusal of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph of Volotsky (the leader of the acquisitive people, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
1503 – Annexation of the Southwestern Russian lands to Moscow.
1505–1533 – Reign of Vasily III.
1510 – Pskov joins Moscow.
1514 – Smolensk joins Moscow.
1521 – Ryazan annexed to Moscow.
1533–1584 – The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
1547 – Crowning of Ivan IV the Terrible to the throne.
1549 – Beginning of the convening of Zemsky Sobors.
1550 – Adoption of the Code of Laws of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1551 – “Stoglavy Cathedral” of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1552 – Kazan annexed to Moscow.
1555–1560 – Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
1556 – Astrakhan annexed to Moscow.
1556 – Adoption of the “Code of Service”.
1558–1583 - Livonian War.
1561 – Defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564 – Book printing begins in Rus'. Publication by Ivan Fedorov of “The Apostle” - the first printed book with a set date.
1565–1572 – Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
1569 - Conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1581 – First mention of the “reserved years”.
1581 – Ermak’s campaign to Siberia.
1582 – Signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1583 – Conclusion of the Truce of Plus with Sweden.
1584–1598 - The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich.
1589 – Establishment of the patriarchate in Rus'. Patriarch Job.
1597 - Decree on “pre-school years” (a five-year period for searching for runaway peasants).
1598–1605 - Board of Boris Godunov.
1603 – Revolt of peasants and serfs led by Cotton.
1605–1606 – Reign of False Dmitry I.
1606–1607 – Peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
1606–1610 – The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
1607–1610 – Attempt of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the "Tushinsky camp".
1609–1611 - Defense of Smolensk.
1610–1613 - “Seven Boyars”.
1611, March–June. – The first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
1612 – The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
1612, October 26. – Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders by the Second Militia.
1613 – Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 – The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1617 – Conclusion of the Stolbovo “eternal peace” with Sweden.
1618 – Deulino truce with Poland.
1632–1634 – Smolensk War between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

2. Russia in the 17th-18th centuries.

1645–1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1648 – Expedition of Semyon Dezhnev along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
1648 – Beginning of the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in Ukraine.
1648 – “Salt riot” in Moscow.
1648–1650 – Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
1649 – The Zemsky Sobor adopted a new set of laws - the “Cathedral Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
OK. 1653–1656 – Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
1654, January 8. - Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1654–1667 – Russia’s war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for Ukraine.
1662 - “Copper Riot” in Moscow.
1667 – Conclusion of the Truce of Andrusovo between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1667 – Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
1667–1671 – Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
1672, May 30. – Birth of Peter I.
1676–1682 – Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
1682 – Abolition of localism.
1682, 1698 – Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
1682–1725 – The reign of Peter I (1682–1689 – under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 – together with Ivan V).
1686 - “Eternal Peace” with Poland.
1687 – Opening of the Slavic Greek Latin Academy.
1695, 1696 – Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
1697–1698 - “Great Embassy”.
1700–1721 - Northern War.
1703, May 16. – Founding of St. Petersburg.
1707–1708 – Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
1708, September 28. – Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
1709, June 27. - Battle of Poltava.
1710–1711 - Prut campaign.
1711 – Establishment of the Senate.
1711–1765 – Life and work of M. V. Lomonosov.
1714 – Decree on single inheritance (repealed in 1731).
1714, July 27. – Battle of Cape Gangut.
1718–1721 – Establishment of boards.
1720 – Battle of Grenham Island.
1721 – Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
1721 – Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia became an empire.
1722 – Adoption of the “Table of Ranks”.
1722 – Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
1722–1723 - Caspian campaign.
1725 – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1725–1727 – The reign of Catherine I.
1727–1730 – The reign of Peter II.
1730–1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovschina."
1741–1761 - The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna.
1755, January 25. – Opening of Moscow University.
1756–1763 - Seven Years' War.
1757 – Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
1761–1762 – The reign of Peter III.
1762 - “Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.”
1762–1796 – The reign of Catherine II.
1768–1774 – Russian-Turkish war.
1770 – Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the Battle of Chesma and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles of the Larga and Cahul rivers.
1774 – Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Peace of Kaynardzhi following the results of the Russian-Turkish War. The Crimean Khanate came under Russian protectorate. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, and the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
1772, 1793, 1795 – Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of Right Bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were transferred to Russia.
1772–1839 – Life and work of M. M. Speransky.
1773–1775 – Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
1775 – Implementation of provincial reform in the Russian Empire.
1782 – Opening of the monument to Peter I “The Bronze Horseman” (E. Falcone).
1783 – Crimea joins the Russian Empire. Georgievsky Treaty. Transition of Eastern Georgia under Russian protectorate.
1785 – Publication of letters of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787–1791 – Russian-Turkish War.
1789 – Victories of Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik.
1790 – Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
1790 – Publication of A. N. Radishchev’s book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
1790 – Capture of the Turkish fortress Izmail on the Danube by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov.
1791 – Conclusion of the Peace of Jassy following the results of the Russian-Turkish War. The annexation of Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, was confirmed to Russia.
1794 – Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
1796–1801 – Reign of Paul I.
1797 – Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoring the order of succession to the throne by primogeniture in the male line.
1797 – Paul I publishes a manifesto on the three-day corvee.
1799 – Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov.

3. Russia in the 19th century.

1801–1825 – Reign of Alexander I.
1802 – Establishment of ministries instead of colleges.
1803 – Decree on “free cultivators”.
1803 – Adoption of a charter introducing the autonomy of universities.
1803–1804 – The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
1804–1813 – Russian-Iranian war. Ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
1805–1807 – Russia’s participation in the III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
1805, December. – Defeat of Russian and Austrian troops in the Battle of Austerlitz.
1806–1812 – Russian-Turkish War.
1807 – Defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
1807 – Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia’s accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia’s consent to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw as a vassal of France).
1808–1809 – Russian-Swedish war. Annexation of Finland to the Russian Empire.
1810 – Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M. M. Speransky.
1812, June–December. – Patriotic War with Napoleon.
1812 – Conclusion of the Peace of Bucharest following the results of the Russian-Turkish War.
1812, August 26. - Battle of Borodino.
1813–1814 – Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1813 - “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig.
1813 – Conclusion of the Treaty of Gulistan following the Russian-Iranian War.
1814–1815 – Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Annexation of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland) to Russia.
1815 - Creation of the “Holy Alliance”.
1815 – Granting of the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland by Alexander I.
1816 – The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A. A. Arakcheev.
1816–1817 – Activities of the “Union of Salvation”.
1817–1864 - Caucasian War.
1818–1821 – Activities of the “Union of Welfare”.
1820 – Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 – Formation of the Northern and Southern Decembrist societies.
1821–1881 – Life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky.
1825, December 14. – Decembrist uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
1825, December 29 – 1826, January 3. – Uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
1825–1855 – The reign of Nicholas I.
1826–1828 – Russian-Iranian war.
1828 – Conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace following the Russian-Iranian War. Death of A. S. Griboyedov.
1828–1829 – Russian-Turkish war.
1829 – Conclusion of the Peace of Adrianople following the Russian-Turkish War.
1831–1839 – Activities of N.V. Stankevich’s circle.
1837 - Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo.
1837–1841 – P.D. Kiselev’s implementation of reforms in the management of state peasants.
1840–1850s – Disputes between Slavophiles and Westerners.
1839–1843 – Monetary reform by E. F. Kankrin.
1840–1893 – Life and work of P. I. Tchaikovsky.
1844–1849 – Activities of the circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1851 – Opening of the Moscow – St. Petersburg railway.
1853–1856 - Crimean War.
1853, November. - Battle of Sinope.
1855–1881 – The reign of Alexander II.
1856 – Paris Congress.
1856 – P. M. Tretyakov founded a collection of Russian art in Moscow.
1858, 1860 – Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
1861, February 19. – Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1861–1864 – Activities of the organization “Land and Freedom”.
1862 – Formation of the “Mighty Handful” - an association of composers (M. A. Balakirev, T. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky Korsakov, A. P. Borodin).
1864 – Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
1864–1885 – Annexation of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
1867 – Sale of Alaska to the United States.
1869 – Discovery of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements by D.I. Mendeleev.
1870 – Reform of city government.
1870–1923 – Activities of the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions”.
1873 – Creation of the “Union of Three Emperors”.
1874 - Carrying out military reform - the introduction of universal military service.
1874, 1876 – The Narodniks’ “walking among the people.”
1876–1879 – Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
1877–1878 – Russian-Turkish war.
1878 – Treaty of San Stefano.
1878 – Berlin Congress.
1879 – Split of the “Land and Freedom” organization. The emergence of the organizations “People's Will” and “Black Redistribution”.
1879–1881 – Activities of the organization “People's Will”.
1879–1882 - Formation of the Triple Alliance.
1881, March 1st. – Murder of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
1881–1894 – Reign of Alexander III.
1882 – Abolition of the temporarily obliged position of peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1883–1903 – Activities of the “Liberation of Labor” group.
1885 – Strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T. S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuevo (Morozov strike).
1887 – Adoption of the circular “on cook’s children.”
1889 – Adoption of the “Regulations on Zemstvo Chiefs”.
1891–1893 - Formation of the Franco-Russian Union.
1891–1905 – Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
1892 – P. M. Tretyakov donated his collection of Russian art to the city of Moscow.
1894–1917 – The reign of Nicholas II.
1895 – Invention of radio communications by A. S. Popov.
1895 – Creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.”
1897 – The first general census of Russia.
1897 – Monetary reform by S. Yu. Witte.
1898 – 1st Congress of the RSDLP.
1899 – The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament issues, convened at the initiative of Russia.

4. Russia in the 20th century.

1901–1902 – Creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
1903 – II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
1903 – Creation of the “Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists”.
1904–1905 – Russian-Japanese War.
1904, August. - Battle of Liaoyang City.
1904, September. – Battle on the Shahe River.
1905, January 9. - “Bloody Sunday.” The beginning of the first Russian revolution.
1905–1907 – The first Russian revolution.
1905, February. – Defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.
1905, May. – The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.
1905, June. – Uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky”.
1905, August. – Conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the Russian-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
1905, October 17. – Publication of the Manifesto “On the Improvement of State Order.”
1905, November. – Creation of the “Union of the Russian People”.
1905, December. – Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.
1906, April–July. – Activities of the First State Duma.
1906, November 9. - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
1907, February – June. – Activities of the Second State Duma.
1907, June 3. – Dissolution of the Second State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3rd coup).
1907–1912 – Activities of the III State Duma.
1907, August - Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formation of the Entente alliance.
1912 – Lena execution.
1912–1917 – Activities of the IV State Duma.
1914, August 1 – 1918, November 9. – First World War.
1915, August. – Creation of a Progressive block.
1916, May. - “Brusilovsky breakthrough.”
1917, February. – February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.
1917, March 2. – Nicholas II's abdication of the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, May. – Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.
1917, June. – Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
1917, July. – Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.
1917, August. - Kornilov rebellion.
1917, September 1. – Proclamation of Russia as a republic.
1917, October 24–26. – Armed uprising in Petrograd. Overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). Adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. – Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
1918, March 3. – Conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardahan and Batum. The treaty was annulled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
1918–1920 – Civil war in Russia.
1918 – Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
1918–1921, March. – The Soviet government’s implementation of the policy of “war communism.”
1918, July - Execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg.
1920–1921 – Anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings in the Tambov and Voronezh regions (“Antonovschina”), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.
1921, March - Conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus went to Poland.
1921, February – March. – Uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of “war communism.”
1921, March. – X Congress of the RCP(b). Transition to NEP.
1922 – Genoa Conference.
1922, December 30. – Education of the USSR.
1924 – Adoption of the USSR Constitution.
1925, December – XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Proclamation of a course towards industrialization of the country. The defeat of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev opposition.”
1927, December – XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Proclamation of the course towards collectivization of agriculture.
1928–1932 – The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1929 – Beginning of complete collectivization.
1930 – Completion of construction of Turksib.
1933–1937 – The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
1934 – Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
1934, December 1. – Murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.
1936 – Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
1939, August 23. – Signing of a non-aggression pact with Germany.
1939, September 1 – 1945, September 2. – World War II.
1939, November - 1940, March. – Soviet-Finnish War.
1941, June 22 – 1945, May 9. – Great Patriotic War.
1941, July–September. - Battle of Smolensk.
1941, December 5–6 – Counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow.
1942, November 19 – 1943, February 2. – Counter-offensive of the Red Army at Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943, July–August. - Battle of Kursk.
1943, September – December. – Battle of the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
1943, November 28 – December 1. – Tehran Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1944, January. – Final liquidation of the siege of Leningrad.
1944, January – February. – Korsun Shevchenko operation.
1944, June – August – Operation for the liberation of Belarus (“Bagration”).
1944, July – August – Lvov-Sandomierz operation.
1944, August – Iasi-Kishinev operation.
1945, January - February - Vistula-Oder operation.
1945, February 4–11 – Crimean (Yalta) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945, April - May - Berlin operation.
1945, April 25 – Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
1945, May 8 – Surrender of Germany.
1945, July 17 – August 2 – Berlin (Potsdam) Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
1945, August - September - Defeat of Japan. Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. The end of World War II.
1946 – The Cold War begins.
1948 – Severance of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
1949 – Start of a campaign to combat “cosmopolitanism.”
1949 – Creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1949 – Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.
1953, March 5. – Death of I.S. Stalin.
1953, August. – Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR.
1953, September – 1964, October. – Election of N. S. Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Removed from his posts in October 1964.
1954 – Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
1955 – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
1956, February. – XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev “On the cult of personality and its consequences.”
1956, October–November. – Uprising in Hungary; suppressed by Soviet troops.
1957, October 4. – Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR.
1961, April 12. – Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight into space.
1961, October. – XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - the program for building communism. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis.
1962, June. – Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting of a workers' demonstration.
1963, August. – Signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
1965 – The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygina.
1968 – The entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia.
1972, May. – Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
1975 – Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
1979 – Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
1979–1989 – “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
1980, July–August. – Olympic Games in Moscow.
1985, March. – Election of M. S. Gorbachev as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
1986, April 26. – Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
1987 – Conclusion of an agreement between the USSR and the USA on the elimination of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles.
1988 – XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for reform of the political system.
1989, May–June. – First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
1990, March. – Election of M. S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of Article 6.
1990, June 12 - The Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.
1991 June 12. – Election of B. N. Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR.
1991, July. – Signing of the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 1).
1991, August 19–21. – Attempted coup d'état (GKChP).
1991, December 8. – Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25. – M. S. Gorbachev resigns from the powers of the President of the USSR.
1992 - The beginning of the radical economic reform of E. T. Gaidar.
1993, January. – Signing of the Treaty between Russia and the United States on the Reduction of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 2).
1993, October 3–4. – Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
1993, December 12. – Elections to the Federal Assembly – the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
1994 – Russia joins the NATO Partnership for Peace program.
1994, December. – The beginning of large-scale actions against Chechen separatists.
1996 – Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe.
1996, July. – Election of B. N. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
1997 – Creation of the state TV channel “Culture” on the initiative of D. S. Likhachev.
1998, August. – Financial crisis in Russia (default).
1999, September. – Beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.

5. Russia since the 2000s.

2000, March. – Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000 – Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh. I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
2002 – Agreement between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
2003 – Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to A. A. Abrikosov and V. L. Ginzburg for work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for research into superconductivity and superfluidity.
2004, March. – Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
2005 – Creation of the Public Chamber.
2006 – Launch of a program of national projects in the fields of agriculture, housing, health and education.
2008, March - Election of D. A. Medvedev as President of the Russian Federation.
2008, August - Invasion of Georgian troops into South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russian recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2008, November - Adoption of a law on increasing the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

You will need

• - access to the Internet.

Instructions

History is not just a collection of facts that need to be memorized. She is very logical. Of course, names, dates, names of princes and emperors will simply have to be learned, but otherwise everything can be divided into blocks, which will make learning much easier. For example: politics, social sphere, culture, war.

In each point of each paragraph of the textbook there are a couple of important facts and there are details, often unnecessary and confusing, or presented in such a way that it is simply impossible to remember them. Forget about them for a while. Imagine that New Year is coming soon and that you are collecting and decorating an artificial Christmas tree. First you need to assemble the tree itself, i.e. attach the “paws” to the “trunk”, then wrap it in a garland of light bulbs, and only after that hang the toys. So: do not try to hang toys if the tree has not yet been assembled! The period of the reign of Alexander II, for example, was all about the abolition of serfdom, judicial, zemstvo and military reforms, and then the number of attempts on his life and the construction of the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood on the spot where he was mortally wounded.

Useful advice

Talk to those who took the Unified State Exam in history last year. What were the questions that they found difficult?
Make contact with your history teacher. He works to help you. Surely he knows and can recommend good teaching aids.
If the story doesn't give in to your mercy, talk to your parents about a tutor. It is better to spend money on a tutor than to enroll in a university next year or choose a less prestigious university.

Despite the fact that social studies is a very easy subject, passing it as part of the unified state exam is very difficult. And getting a score of 100 points on an exam generally seems like an impossible task. However, getting 100 points on the Unified State Exam in social studies is absolutely possible.

You will need

• - four hours of free time daily for 2-3 weeks;
• - perseverance and diligence;
• - 2-3 books on social studies by various authors;
• - necessary legal acts in the current version;
• - access to the Internet.

Instructions

Your best friends in the near future should be patience and perseverance. Social studies is a subject, but the amount of information that you need to know in order to successfully pass the Unified State Exam is large, so you will have to work hard to eliminate gaps in knowledge. If you devote four hours a day to preparation, then in 2-3 weeks you will study the entire course of this subject. But you will have to concentrate as much as possible on assimilating the information so as not to re-read the same material several times.

Make short cheat sheets. This way you will consolidate and summarize the entire array of information. You may not have to use them, but in the process of writing them you will additionally repeat the most important things from the entire course. If you are too lazy to make cheat sheets, you can highlight the main points of each paragraph in the book with a pencil - re-read it, and then carefully erase the pencil with an eraser.

Don't limit yourself to one book - use 2-3 textbooks from different authors. Why is this necessary? There are so many lawyers, so many opinions. Social science the structure of the state and society, by authors who have . On just one topic: “What comes first: the state or society?” There are several hypotheses that need to be known. If you prepare for the Unified State Exam using only one book, your knowledge will be limited to the opinion of one specific person on a particular issue. But during the exam you may come across some very tricky questions and it is simply necessary to have material for reasoning.

Since the subject studies state legal issues, and books often contain references to articles of a particular law, you should familiarize yourself with the legislation currently in force in the Russian Federation. Only with the basic documents necessary for successfully passing the exam. To pass the Unified State Exam, you will need to study the Constitution, Civil and Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation. If it is not possible to buy them, the Internet will help you, where you will find the necessary regulations.

Video on the topic

Related article

Sources:

• Unified State Examination in social studies points

In order to successfully pass a history test with 100 points, thorough preparation is required. You can attend classes with a tutor - in this case, the chances of passing the exam with flying colors increase. But what about someone who does not have the means for additional classes? Here you can only rely on your own strength and prepare yourself for the Unified State Exam on your own.

Instructions

Purchase additional literature to prepare for the Unified State Exam. Don't buy the first textbook you come across. It’s better to carefully study them in the store - whether the information is in clear language, what year of issue you are holding in your hands, whether the authors clearly explain the solution, whether all the material is collected in the book. Only after the manual satisfies all your requirements, feel free to buy it.

Solve the suggested tests daily. You may come across some familiar questions and you will be able to answer them with ease. When analyzing your answers, focus on the incorrect ones. Don’t be lazy to work on your mistakes so you don’t make them again. Memorize dates, definitions, facts - you will definitely remember them at the Unified State Exam. If for some reason you have not studied for several days, try to repeat the material you have already covered, at least briefly, to “refresh” the information in your memory.

Make cheat sheets. It’s not a fact that you will take them with you on. But you will remember what you wrote down. Write down the dates that will definitely appear in the tests. Don't forget to include the names of famous people who contributed to history. Pay special attention to definitions, since Part B focuses on terms. Part C suggests more of an answer. Therefore, read as much as possible to be able to navigate, even if you come across a difficult question.

During the year, try to participate in school competitions in science - this will be a wonderful help for passing the Unified State Examination in the subject with excellent marks. Don’t be lazy to visit the library if you don’t have some material at home.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• pass the exam for 100

Social studies remains the most popular subject taken by schoolchildren as their final exam. Unified State Examination results in social studies are required for admission to law, sociology and many other humanities faculties. In order to successfully pass this test, you need to seriously prepare for it.

You will need

• - textbooks on social studies;
• - regulatory documents of the Russian Federation;
• - sheets of paper;
• - pen.

Instructions

The mistake of many graduates is that they consider social studies an easy subject that will not be difficult to pass. Do not leave studying the material until the last days before the exam, since a high score can only be obtained by carefully studying a large amount of information. Start preparing at least a month before the Unified State Exam.

The social studies curriculum consists of five different subjects: economics, law, sociology, political science and philosophy, each of which contains its own basic concepts and terms. When preparing for the Unified State Exam, you cannot limit yourself to one school textbook. Select several reputable publications by professional authors that provide different points of view on a particular problem.

In addition to educational literature, when preparing for the exam, carefully study the main legal documents of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Civil and Criminal Codes). These legislative acts can be easily found in any library or on the Internet.

To successfully complete the test part of the Unified State Exam, you need to familiarize yourself in detail with the basic concepts of the course, and learn some by heart. Connect motor and visual memory to the memorization process. This can be done by making small cheat sheets. On pieces of paper, write down key terms, key names, and dates. This will make it easier to structure and generalize, and subsequently repeat a large amount of material. It’s not worth taking these cheat sheets for the exam itself, they will only distract from the main thing.

The greatest difficulty on the Unified State Exam is usually writing an essay. It is important that it formulates the main idea (thesis), when revealed, you will be able to maximally demonstrate the depth and quality of your knowledge on the subject. This cannot be achieved without regular training in writing such works.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam

Passing the Unified State Exam will be easy if all the tasks are familiar and the student does not “float” in terms and dates. Therefore, you should prepare for the exam in advance, and not on the last day. Find a time that is convenient for you - you can study every day for thirty minutes, or three times a week for an hour or more. It all depends on your fatigue and readiness to perceive repeated material. These sessions should be rewarding and you should be retaining the information rather than just skimming it.

Remember dates as they are important parts of learning history. If you have a bad memory for numbers, then use the association method. Relate them to dates that are important to you.

Remember dates as they are important parts of learning history. If you have a bad memory for numbers, then use the association method. Relate them to dates that are important to you.

History assignments

Purchase special textbooks to prepare for the Unified State Exam in history. Remember the tasks and answers to them that are offered there. Spend sufficient time on each question. Take notes on important terms and dates. If necessary, you can quickly find the information you need, and writing it down on paper helps you remember better.

The manuals should be purchased “fresh”, that is, from the year in which you will take the exam, taking into account all changes and amendments. Give preference to those manuals that contain the most complete answers.

The manuals should be purchased “fresh”, that is, from the year in which you will take the exam, taking into account all changes and amendments. Give preference to those manuals that contain the most complete answers.

Behavior during the exam

Don't answer at random if you don't remember the correct answer. Try to recall the material covered in your memory. You will definitely remember something related to this topic. Think logically. There are not many options, so choosing the right one will not be difficult.

Tip 7: How to effectively take notes to prepare for the Unified State Exam

In order to prepare well for the Unified State Exam, in addition to memorization, you need to effectively write notes for good memorization of the material. To do this you need to follow certain rules. They consist mainly in highlighting the main thing from the general.

What to write down and how to highlight the main thing

So, we decided that we need to highlight the main thing from the general. How to do this? First, highlight key words throughout the text or lecture; they will guide you. Keywords will also protect you from recording unnecessary, superfluous information. Secondly, find sentences that are related to these keywords, write them down, so your text will begin to form. Third, find all the definitions that appear in the text. And fourthly, ask all the questions that may arise when reading the topic title. The answers to these questions are precisely the main thing in the recorded information.

Once you have highlighted everything, compose a logically coherent text, reducing it to the minimum. Enter and use abbreviations of words, as they will help reduce the amount of text, which is better for comprehension and memorization. Do not miss a single definition, because they are the basis of the outline. Whenever possible, create tables and lists.

How to write a summary

It has long been known that text design plays no less important role than informative content, as it makes it easier to remember. So, in order to effectively prepare your notes, divide the page into parts: at the bottom and at the bottom, you will thus have 3 blocks. Write all the main information in the center, write down all the terms and definitions that appeared in the text at the bottom, and make drawings or diagrams on the side. This way of dividing the page will help you better navigate it, find the information you need, and also teach. In this case, pictures will help you remember the material based on associations and images, and tables and lists will help you organize it.

The next thing to remember when taking notes is to use different colored pens and markers, which should also be used to highlight different topics and definitions. You can associate certain colors with the type of information being highlighted, for example, highlight definitions in red, topics in black, diagrams, etc., so it will be easier for you to navigate through the text.

Do not forget to highlight the definitions by retreating a few cells before and after it. This is done because continuous text is very difficult to remember.

This kind of note-taking will help you easily, quickly, effectively remember and write down the material, and highlight the general things from it. Perhaps this method is suitable not only for preparing for the Unified State Exam, but also in everyday life.