Combined lessons. Structure and organization of a combined lesson of industrial training and special technology. Combined lesson of special technology
Master Class
"Methodology for conducting paired lessons"
Date: 24.10.2014Teacher I sq. category MOU-SOSH p. Pisarevka Antipova Valentina IvanovnaObjectives: Mutual exchange of experience in the rational application of teaching methods in the classroom - a set when conducting paired lessons through specific methods and forms of work in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard; active search for ways to improve pedagogical skills.Content.
Introduction. Dear colleagues, I would like to start our work with the words of V.A. Sukhomlinsky "Becomes a master of pedagogical work, most likely the one who felt a researcher in himself." I invite all of you to research and exchange experience on the problem of "Methodology for conducting paired lessons in a class - a set in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard." In the informative part of the master class, I propose to consider the basic principles of the teacher's work in the class-set, dwell on the methods and techniques that allow solving problems of forming universal learning activities (ULA) and achieving subject, meta-subject and personal results. In the practical part, I will ask you to act as students and with the help of the technological map of the lesson “try on” and evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques and methods of work used in the class-set.And in the final part, we will conduct a reflection: an exchange of views and summing up the results of the master class.Informative part.
In accordance with the new SanPiN, 2.4.2.2821-10 p.10.15., entered into force on 01.09.2011in small-scale rural educational institutions, depending on the specific conditions, the number of students, their age characteristics, it is allowed to form classes-sets of students at the first stage of education. Optimal in this case is the separate education of students of different ages of the first stage of education. When combining students of the first stage of education into a class-set, it is optimal to create it from two classes: grades 1 and 3 (1 + 3), grades 2 and 3 (2 + 3), grades 2 and 4 (2 + 4).
When conducting paired lessons in a class - a set, I chose methods and forms of work that correspond to a specific method and are characteristic of a small school. They are presented on the slides of the presentation "Problems of organizing a modern lesson in the conditions of united classes."
1. The concept of an ungraded school. Advantages and disadvantages of an ungraded school.
2. Advantages of an ungraded school.
3. Problems of an ungraded school.
4. Problem solving.
Organization of independent activities of students in the classroom.
Goals of independent work.
conditions for independent work.
Content of independent work:
Use of pivot tables.
use calling multi-level cards.
Use of tests in elementary grades .
Use of TSO.
Forms of organization of training sessions in the class-set.
- Conditions for combining lessons.
5. The structure of the lesson in the class-set.
6. Technological map of mathematics lessons grade 1.3.
Practical part.
Lesson equipment: Grade 1 - strips - measurements, rulers, printed notebooks, reflection circles, an electronic supplement to the lesson, an electronic physical minute for the eyes, an electronic slide presentation "Mental counting 1, 3" computer, projector, screen. Grade 3 - a model of a square centimeter, colored rectangles, mathematics textbooks for grade 3, an electronic presentation of slides "Mental counting 1, 3" circles for reflection.
№ stages / time
1. Task for practical work: (The teacher distributes measurements of different lengths and offers to measure the length of the desk.)- Guys, aYou can you measure? Can you measure, for example, the length of your desk? Take your measurements and measure the length of your desk.Write the result on the board.We work in pairs.2. Solving a problem situation. Why are the answers different?What is the length of the party?Look and listen how the hedgehog and the fox measured the length of the segments.(The teacher includes an electronic application for the lesson.)Perform a physical minute.
2. Work with the teacher. 1. Check.
Guys, remember the plot and draw a conclusion about the size of the measurement.
What is the name of a single measure for measuring small distances.
2.Task : Measure the length of the segments and write the result in the empty cells next to the segments. Distributes memos. Ask them to read.
3. Includes a physical minute for the eyes.
1. Work with the teacher. Perform practical work in pairs under the guidance of a teacher: "Measuring the length of a desk with measurements."Record the measurement results on the board.Finding a way out of a problem.
2. Independent work with an electronic supplement to the textbook.
Listen, watch the story and draw a conclusion.
They remember the plot from the application and find a solution to the problem situation.Conclusion : The measurements must be the same length. Get acquainted with the name of the unit of measurement - centimeter. A centimeter is a single measure for measuring small distances. A ruler is a device for measuring length. Each cm has a number on it. Write a designation on the board - see.
3. Independent work. 4. Perform practical work in notebooks on a printed basis based on a memo. Measure the length of the segments with a ruler.Apply the length measurement algorithm:point 0 - the beginning of the segmentthe number at the end is the result.
Perform a physical exercise for the eyes.
1. Acquaintance with a new unit of area measurement. – Have you used this measure? (square cm model show)Exercise : study the measure, give it a name.Examination : responsible report.
Evaluation : onself-assessment sheets to determine the level of understanding of the material at this stage of the lesson.2. The teacher gives a task for practical work:Find the area of a rectangle using the new unit.Reserve number: p. 58 No. 1.
Examination : report responsible.Conclusion : the result is the same for everyone.
Summarizing the work at this stage of the lesson.
The teacher asks to remember what the children did and formulate the topic of the lesson.
1. Independent work. 1. Work in groups, argue their point of view.In case of difficulty, refer to the theoretical material of the textbook p. 58.2. Work with the teacher. They make a conclusion.Conclusion: A square centimeter is the area of a square whose side is 1 cm. The area of the figures is measured in square cm.
Carry out a preliminary assessment.They do a physical exercise.
2. Independent work.
Group work.Task: Measure the area of a rectangle using square centimeters.
2. Work with the teacher. Express their opinion.
“We learned what sq. see and learned to measure the area of \u200b\u200bfigures using square meters. cm."Formulate the topic of the lesson: "Square centimeter"
2. The work of the participants of the master class in the role of students.3. Reflection and summing up:- Introspection master class.- Opinion exchange.
Application.
Introspection
master class
The idea of combining the lessons of industrial training and special technology was born in the practice of teaching. In educational institutions where there are qualified professional and pedagogical personnel and appropriate material and technical equipment of training workshops, combined training is used by masters of industrial training and teachers of special disciplines. In educational institutions where combined lessons were held at least several times, students become allies of the master in improving the methods of teaching the lesson.
What is the idea of a combined lesson based on? If we consider the traditional summary-thematic planning of special technology and industrial training in the preparation of electricians for the maintenance of electrical equipment (training period - 1 year), it is easy to see that the gap in the study of related topics is 2 - 4 weeks.
However, the combination in planning the study of related topics of theoretical and industrial training is only one of
features of the methodology of lessons of this type. The second is to plan combined lessons of special technology and industrial training on a specific topic.
The essence of such planning lies in the fact that the teacher of technological disciplines selects the content of theoretical material, which is advisable to study simultaneously with the formation of practical skills. As a rule, such content of educational material includes a description of the technology of work. In academic disciplines devoted to the technology of work, it is advisable to combine 30 - 40% of the content of educational material on the topic with industrial training. So, it is necessary to select the material of theoretical training, plan combined lessons of special technology and industrial training.
The third feature of co-education concerns the structure of the lesson. The structure of a lesson in combined learning does not coincide with the structure of a lesson in theoretical or industrial training, since during a combined lesson there is a combination, alternation, merging of the processes of assimilation of theoretical knowledge and the formation of professional skills. The content of the new theoretical material is given in portions; after each portion, the practical activity of the students follows, i.e., the performance of the exercise.
The structure of a combined lesson can be represented as a sequential alternation of phases. In turn, each phase consists of two steps. The first step is the assimilation of a portion of theoretical material, the second is the practical formation of skills (Fig. 27).
When planning a lesson in time, it should be borne in mind that the theory step usually takes 10-15 minutes of the practice step, the exercise on the studied portion of theoretical material takes students from 20 to 30 minutes.
You should stop separately at the beginning of the lesson, or the zero phase. Mobilizing students for the upcoming work, forming an interest in the study of new theoretical material, the teacher must reveal to them the entire technology of work being studied on the topic under consideration as a whole. At the very beginning of the lesson, students are given an indicative basis of activity. Then the teacher proceeds to the formation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills for individual parts (blocks) of the technological process. The combined lesson ends with a final briefing summarizing the work of each student.
1st step - knowledge formation
2nd step - the formation of skills and abilities
Rice. 27. The structure of the combined lesson phase
Thus, the generalized structure of the combined lesson can be represented by the following formula:
Y \u003d f 0 + f, + f 2 + ... + f p + F 3,
where F o - the initial phase (1st step - organization and target setting, 2nd step - orientation of students in the upcoming activity, a brief explanation of the technology of the upcoming work); Ф], Ф 2 , ..., Ф „ - intermediate phases (1st step - brief theoretical information on the block of knowledge, 2nd step - the content of practical exercises); F 3 - the final phase (collection and analysis of student work, grading in theory and practice).
In conclusion, we give an example of a combined lesson on the topic "Installation of the electrical contact of wires."
The purpose of the lesson is to form the initial skills for installing the electrical contact of wires. Lesson objectives:
Educational - to study the property of the electrical contact of wires, to teach students to solder copper wires, crimp copper and aluminum conductors;
Educational - to cultivate a careful attitude to technical documentation, tools, materials. Rationally use your working time, strictly observe all safety rules;
Developing - in the process of performing tasks on the basis of the acquired knowledge, develop the ability to analyze and comprehend the work performed.
Type of lesson - combined.
Lesson equipment: didactic - posters "Electrical tool", "Soldering of wires", "Compression of wires and cables"; tablets "Brands of wires", "Electrical material and products"; electrified stand "Electrical circuit of a screw-cutting lathe model 1K62".
Samples of electrical contact of wires: wire segments PV - 1 mm 2, PGV - 0.5 mm 2, APPV - 2.5 mm 2, APV - 4 mm 2, PV - 2.5 mm 2; solder POS - 40; rosin; aluminum and copper sleeves and tips; a set of electrical tools.
Lesson structure
1st phase - organizational and mobilization support of the lesson:
a) checking the journal of those present at the lesson, determining the state of health (pay attention to appearance);
b) communication of the purpose of the lesson, a story about the importance of proper preparation for electrical work, the role of reliable electrical contact, attentiveness, self-discipline, the quality of the work performed;
c) explanation and demonstration of electrical contact by soldering and crimping.
2nd phase - preparation of wires for installation of electrical contact.
1st step - the physical properties of the electrical contact. Material (its properties) for the manufacture of mounting wires. Straightening wires. Stripping the insulation of the installation wires. Methods for cutting the ends of wires.
Asking questions:
What does weak electrical contact lead to?
What can lead to non-compliance with the rules when cutting installation
wires?
Why is it impossible to move when using a fitter's knife?
on yourself?
2nd step - consolidation of knowledge based on the following exercises:
a) straightening of mounting wires of brand PV - 1 mm 2; APV - 4 mm 2; APPV -2.5 mm 2;
b) stripping insulation of installation wires;
c) cutting the ends of the installation wires.
3rd phase - copper wire soldering technology.
1st step - determination of brands of wires for soldering. Auxiliary material for soldering. Tools and fixtures used in soldering. Rules for the use of tools and devices. Soldering lived mounting wires.
Asking questions:
What is the difference between the brand of solder POS-40 and POS-30?
Is it possible not to strip the wire strands before soldering?
What can happen if for an electric soldering iron during
work do not use a special stand?
2nd step - consolidation of knowledge based on exercises:
a) stripping the wire cores at the joints;
b) soldering of installation wires of PGV with a cross section from 0.5 mm 2 to 1 mm 2 and PV from 1 mm 2 to 2.5 mm 2.
4-phase - crimping of copper and aluminum conductors of wires.
1st step - determination of brands of wires for crimping. Tools and fixtures for crimping. Rules for the use of tools and devices. Tips and connecting sleeves. Technology of crimping cores of installation wires.
Asking questions:
What happens if an aluminum sleeve is used when connecting copper conductors of wires?
What will be the consequences during the operation of the contact connection, if the norms of contact pressure, the depth of crimping are not observed?
What happens if quartz-vaseline paste is not used when connecting aluminum conductors?
2nd step - consolidation of knowledge in the exercises:
a) removal of the oxide film from the cores of the wires;
b) crimping of copper conductors of wires of the PV brand with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2;
c) crimping of aluminum conductors of wires of the APV brand with a cross section of 4 mm 2;
d) application of quartz-vaseline paste on the contact connections of aluminum conductors.
Final phase:
a) assessment of students' knowledge, the level of formation of skills and abilities and the manifestation of qualities - accuracy, punctuality, attentiveness, discipline and organization;
b) homework - repeat the topic "Connecting and terminating the cores of wires and cables."
Educators may have the following questions.
Does co-education lead to fewer hours spent studying technology disciplines? Leads. The study of theoretical material is carried out during a six-hour lesson of industrial training on this topic. The traditional lesson of special technology is not conducted. It is advisable to use the reduced time to improve the professional knowledge and skills of students.
Who conducts combined lessons of industrial training? Is it possible to conduct them without the participation of a master of industrial training? As a rule, a combined lesson is conducted by a teacher of special technology together with a master of industrial training. The teacher forms the theoretical knowledge of students, shows the technology of work, exercises, etc. The master connects to show individual operations, brief briefing before performing exercises, conduct current briefing during the formation of practical skills. However, already today, masters with a professional pedagogical education conduct lessons using special technology, and conducting combined lessons does not cause them methodological difficulties.
Questions and tasks
1. What is the typical structure of a theoretical teaching lesson?
2. List the features of the educational material that indicate
the need for laboratory work.
3. What is the typical structure of an industrial training lesson?
4. List the main conditions for applying the combined lesson.
1. Bespalko V.P. Components of pedagogical technology. - M.: Peda
gogika, 1989. - 190 p.
2. Bespalko V.P., Tatur Yu.G. Systematic and methodological support
educational process of training specialists: textbook.
tod, allowance. - M.: 1989. - 144 p.
3. Blinchevsky F.L. What is a job training lesson? //
Industrial training. - 1946. - No. 15. - S. 5-12.
4. Wertheimer M. Productive thinking: Per. from English. - M.: Pro
gress, 1987. - 336 p.
5. Gomoyunov K.K. Improving the teaching of technical dissertations
ciplin: methodological aspects of the analysis of educational texts. L .: Publishing house Le-
ningr. un-ta, 1983. - 206 p.
6. Dridze T. M. The concept and method of establishing a meaningful structure
rounds of the test in relation to the educational text (informative-targeted
analysis). Psycholinguistic and linguistic nature of the text and especially
Bennosti his perception / ed. Yu.A. Zhluktenko, A.A. Leontieva. -
Kyiv: Vyscha school. Publishing house at Kyiv, un-te, 1978. - 100 p.
7. Dyachkov V.P. Use of economic basic records of studies
new material in vocational schools. - M.: VNMTs Publishing House, 1993. - 62 p.
8. Eretsky M.I. Improving education in the technical school. - M.: Higher.
school, 1987. - 264 p.
9. Clarin M.V. Innovative models of teaching in foreign pedas
gogic quest. - M.: Arena, 1994. - 222 p.
10. Landa L.N. Algorithmization in teaching. - M.: Enlightenment,
1966. - 523 p.
11. Muchnik B. S. Man and text: foundations of the culture of written speech. -
M.: Book, 1985. - 252 p.
12. Pedagogical encyclopedia: in 4 volumes - ML: Sov. Encycl., 1964. - T. 2. -
848 p.
13. Pinsky A.A., Golin G.M. The logic of science and the logic of educational
meta // Sov. Pedagogy, 1983. - No. 12. - S. 54-64.
14. The program of the subject "Electrical Engineering" for secondary vocational
technical schools. - M.: VNMTs Publishing House, 1984. - 54 p.
15. Psychology of perception: Materials of Sov.-Nor. sympos. - M.: On
uka, 1989. - 197 p.
16. Theoretical foundations of the content of general secondary education /
ed. V.V. Kraevsky, I.Ya. Lerner. - M.: Pedagogy, 1983. - 352 p.
17. Technique in its historical development / ed. S. V. Shukhardina. -
M.: Nauka, 1982. -510 p.
18. Shaporinshy S.A. Questions of the theory of industrial training:
Vocational pedagogy. - M.: Higher. school, 1981. - 208 p.
19. Shikhin A.Ya. Electrical engineering. - M.: Higher. school, 1987. - 336 p.
Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ................... 3
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
Khabarovsk Territory
leaders of local governments,
exercising management in the field of education
The Ministry of Education of the Khabarovsk Territory sends for use in the work methodological recommendations on the organization of classes in primary classes of small-scale schools in the Territory.
We ask you to bring these recommendations to the teaching staff of subordinated small-class schools.
Application: for 8 liters. in 1 copy.
Deputy Minister - Chief
general education department
A.M. King
Recommendations for the organization of training sessions in primary grades of small-scale schools in the region
Teaching in a small primary school has a number of features. Due to the small number of students, children have to be combined into classes-sets, one teacher works in the same room with students of different ages.
A set class is a permanent group of children working according to a single annual curriculum and program, according to a permanent schedule.
The formation of classes-sets is determined by specific conditions and depends on the number of students and teachers (clause 2.9.10. SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02).
In accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological rules and norms (SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02), it is allowed to combine students of the first stage into a class-set, while the formation of two combined classes-sets should be preferred. It is optimal to combine students of grades 1 and 3 (1 + 3), grades 2 and 3 (2 + 3), grades 2 and 4 (2 + 4) into one set. The occupancy of two-class sets should be no more than 25, and when three or four classes are combined into one set - no more than 15 children.
To prevent fatigue of students, the duration of combined (especially 4th and 5th) lessons should be reduced by 5-10 minutes (except for a physical education lesson). The duration of the combined lessons is reduced to 40 minutes, the last lessons to 35 minutes. In grade 1, according to the basic curriculum of 2004, the duration of the lessons is 35 minutes - the entire academic year.
Thus, the choice of the principle of combining classes into a set depends on an objective factor (the number of students in each class and the number of first-graders, the stability of conditions and the number of teachers).
The organization of the educational process in the classroom, where students of the first, second, third and fourth grades study simultaneously under the guidance of one teacher in the same room, has a number of features that distinguish it from the educational process in a school where one teacher works with children of the same class. Accordingly, a lesson in a combined class differs from a lesson with one age group both in structure and organizational forms.
The main feature of the lesson in the combined class is the obligatory independent work of students in each lesson. In order to explain the educational material to the students of one of the classes without prejudice to the children of another class, the teacher needs to engage the children from another class with useful work, offer them to independently, without his direct guidance, perform this or that task. And while the students of one class independently complete the learning tasks, the teacher explains the new, asks what has been done, explains the next task for independent work to the students of another class.
The second feature of the lesson is the alternation of students' work under the direct supervision of the teacher, work with the teacher and independent work on the instructions of the teacher or their own choice.
The third feature is the dependence of the volume of independent work and the time allotted for its implementation on the volume and time of the teacher's work with another class.
The number of alternating stages of the lesson depends on many conditions: the nature of the schedule (multi-subject and single-subject), the content of the educational material, the degree of students' ability to work independently, as well as the age capabilities of children. So, first-graders are able to work with concentration for no more than 5 minutes, therefore, the number of stages of their independent activity should correspond to their capabilities. They do not yet possess even the simplest learning skills, they need the help of a teacher all the time.
The older the students, the more skills they possess, the more opportunities for independent activity. As a rule, two or three independent works are included in one lesson, sometimes five. But the fragmentation of independent work can lead to the destruction of the integrity of the perception of educational material.
In general, the structure of the lessons can be represented as follows:
General stage of work under the guidance of a teacher |
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Working with a teacher | Independent work of students |
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Independent work | Working with a teacher | Independent work |
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Independent work | Working with a teacher | Independent work |
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Change, rest | Independent work | Working with a teacher |
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The general stage of work with the teacher - summing up the lesson |
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The rational connection of classes is one of the important components of successful work in the lesson. When combining classes into one set, the first class causes the greatest difficulty. Possible options for combining it with other elementary school classes.
First and second grades. Positive in such an association is the proximity of age and the fact that the first class is propaedeutic. In this version, it is convenient for the teacher to focus on the formation of general educational skills and abilities at the general stage of work: for first graders - showing a sample, for second graders - repetition and exercise in the correct action. Arbitrariness of attention in first-graders - 5 minutes, in second-graders - 8 minutes. Combining allows you to work in pairs of interchangeable composition.
The disadvantage of combining grades 1 and 2 in a set is the inability of children in both classes to work independently, not only because of the lack of formation of this skill, but also because children actually do not have fluency and correct reading, which makes it difficult to work with students in both classes.
First and third grades. The positive thing about this variant of association is that third grade students are able to work independently, and the time of their voluntary attention is 10-12 minutes. This allows the teacher to organize independent performance of rather complex tasks. The relative readiness of third-graders makes it possible for them to help the teacher as consultants - "teachers" when using the technology of the collective method of teaching.
The disadvantage of this option is the temptation and opportunity to increase the time and volume of independent activities of third-graders in order to free up time for work with first-graders.
First and fourth grades. In this option, one should not devote more time to first-graders at the expense of fourth-grade students, organizing their independent work, since the fourth grade is graduation, this year the educational material is repeated and generalized throughout the initial link at a qualitatively different level. Children of this age have new opportunities for mental activity.
Based on the specifics of a small-class school - the obligation of students to work independently at each level, the main criterion for combining classes into a set is the ability of children to work outside the constant guidance of a teacher. And from these positions, combining classes 1 and 3, 2 and 4 into one set is the most appropriate.
Studying in a class-kit, the student must learn:
- focus on the task;
- do not listen to the teacher's explanations for another class;
- do not pay attention to pictures and other demonstration materials not intended for them;
- do not listen to the answers of students from another class;
- instantly rebuild when the teacher addresses them.
In this regard, in the classes-sets, it is necessary to pay more attention to the ability of schoolchildren to work independently than in ordinary classes.
Independent work is the activity of students aimed at mastering knowledge, skills, ways of applying them in practice, which is carried out without the participation of a teacher. Independent work develops the activity of children, forms voluntary attention, teaches them to focus on their own business, ignoring what is happening around.
For students in grades 1-4, the following types of independent work are available and feasible:
- preparatory exercises that are performed before learning new material (repetition from the textbook, work with cards and tables, etc.);
- independent study of new material, carried out according to detailed instructions;
- consolidation exercises in order to master the methods of action based on algorithmic tables, prescriptions, memos;
- various training exercises;
- control and verification tasks that are offered after mastering all parts of the educational material.
The form of independent work can be oral and written. Oral are rarely used. Most often, written independent work is used, which must be diversified so that all types of memory are evenly loaded: visual, auditory, motor.
The duration of independent work depends on the complexity of the tasks and the abilities of the students. Duration must be dosed from class to class, gradually accustoming children to do independent work for a certain time.
Approximate norms of time for independent work in the lesson
1 semester, min. | 2 semester, min. |
|
Independent work performs mainly educational and control functions in the class-set. Depending on the goals and objectives, it is practiced at all stages of the lesson. Most often, teachers take out consolidation and repetition for independent work (about 60% of the total volume), less often - the assimilation of new material (about 20%), the rest of the independent work is intended to perform verification work (about 20%). Verification work is necessary to control knowledge, skills, methods of their application. At each lesson, children are offered work of various types and purposes: preparatory, educational, testing.
Preparatory independent work is offered to students in order to repeat the studied material, which will be necessary for understanding new knowledge (the stage of updating knowledge). The teacher selects tasks in such a way that a problem situation with difficulty or surprise is created. That is, in addition to assignments for the material covered, it is necessary to include assignments for new material. This will enable children to identify the problem that they have to solve on their own or together with the teacher.
Independent work in the study of new material is possible if students have no problems with reading and understanding what they read. At the same time, the cognitive abilities of children develop well, and most importantly, self-education skills are successfully formed.
Teaching independent work, children perform in the lessons of applying or consolidating new knowledge. Their goal is to identify and promptly eliminate existing gaps in knowledge. Such independent work implies the presence of detailed instructions for performing a particular task (in the form of an algorithm).
At the final stages of the lessons, tests are offered. Their goal is to control the quality of the assimilation of educational material.
The effectiveness of independent work depends on its organization. When planning and offering independent work in a class-set, it is necessary:
- have a good understanding of its goals;
- clearly see its place and role in the structure of this lesson;
- navigate the requirements of a certain level of mastery of educational material;
- take into account the level of preparedness and capabilities of students;
- determine the duration of independent work and monitor the expenditure of time;
- look for rational ways to check the work;
- correctly combine independent work with work under the guidance of a teacher.
Not all subjects and not all lessons of one subject provide the same opportunities for organizing independent work. Most of them are in the lessons of the Russian language (foreign language), mathematics, drawing and labor training. Less - at the lessons of literary reading and the world around. Music and physical education lessons are held only with the participation of a teacher.
Instructions play an important role in organizing independent work in all lessons: instructions, algorithms, prescriptions, reference schemes, etc. The handout contains "supports" - ready-made samples, examples of tasks, reasoning or actions. Instructions are necessary for independent work.
Most of all, the student needs help in mastering a new type of work. In this case, the technique recommends writing down plans (algorithms, instructions) of reflections in individual cards or on a blackboard. First, these instructions are detailed. But over time, they become more and more compressed.
A responsible role in maintaining the interest of children and the effectiveness of learning belongs to textbooks. You should stop at one textbook in order to study its content well, get used to the textbook and prepare a set of handouts.
To make it easier for children to work with the textbook, it is advisable:
- if necessary, change the sequence of actions proposed in the textbook;
- introduce brief additional instructions for completing tasks;
- supplement the instructions with algorithmic requirements that children are used to.
Any instructions should be understandable to children.
In the conditions of working with two classes, the teacher has a particularly acute question about the correct distribution and use of time. If classes and lessons are combined in such a way that one class starts work with an independent task, and the other - with the direct participation of the teacher, then time losses can be avoided.
Reserves for saving time lie not only in the rational connection of classes, properly organized independent work of students, but also in a well-designed class schedule.
Small schools can work in the mode of both a five-day week and a six-day one. The mode of operation of the primary link does not depend on which of the educational and methodological kits the school uses. When drawing up the schedule, teachers take into account the features of different subjects in terms of the ability to organize independent work of children in the classroom. Most often, one-subject combination is used in the schedule (mathematics with mathematics, Russian with Russian), because. it is easier for the teacher to concentrate, there is no need to switch from one area of knowledge to another, it becomes possible to offer students common tasks on different educational material, which ultimately makes it possible to increase the productivity of learning.
Under the conditions of such a combination, the schedule provides for lessons in technology, physical education, fine arts, and music. At the same time, to a certain extent, differentiation of the content of classes is ensured, taking into account the difference in the programs of each class. In the schedule, part of the day is set aside for working with only one class.
Approximate one-subject combined schedule
Set | Set |
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Days of the week | |||||
Mathematics | Mathematics | Russian language | Russian language |
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Russian language | Russian language | The world | The world |
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Literary reading | Foreign language | Mathematics | Mathematics |
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The world | The world | Technology | Technology |
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Technology | Literary reading | Literary reading |
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In accordance with the recommendations for organizing the training of first-graders during the adaptation period (Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation N 408 / 13-13 of 04.20.2001), in the first grade in September and October, 3 lessons of 35 minutes each are held. The rest of the time is filled with targeted walks, excursions, physical education classes, educational games. In order to fulfill the task of relieving the statistical stress of schoolchildren, it is proposed to use not class-lesson, but other forms of organization of the educational process in the fourth lessons: excursions, dramatization lessons, etc.
It is possible to schedule lessons with a “shifted” start of classes, where students do not start classes at the same time. The first lesson the teacher works with students of the same class. At this time, as a rule, students study new material together with the teacher, there is a formation of skills to use theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems, (oral) individual survey.
The second lesson is attended by children from another class included in the set, and, as a rule, two lessons, less often three, the teacher deals with two classes at the same time. Then the students of one class go home or to an extended day group, and the teacher continues to work with the rest of the class. According to the second schedule, lessons for grades 1 and 4 start at 8:30, and for grades 2 and 3 - at 9:15.
Schedule of lessons with a "shifted" start of classes
Set | Set |
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Days of the week | |||||
Literal reading | Russian language | ||||
Russian language | Mathematics | Mathematics |
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Russian language Mathematics | Mathematics | Literary reading | Literary reading |
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Technology | art | art |
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Technology | |||||
Literary reading | Russian language |
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From the standpoint of the interests of schoolchildren and teachers, with a contingent of more than 10-12 people in a set, such an organization of classes can be considered optimal for all external unattractiveness, complexity, and apparent overload of teachers.
Even the most perfect schedule needs to be adjusted throughout the year. During this time, there are changes that must be taken into account.
Conducting any lesson is a creative individual process. However, there are a number of mandatory requirements that must be met. Necessary:
- determine the place of a particular lesson in the system and structure of the subject;
- explore the material of a particular lesson, correlate it with the requirements of the standard;
- choose the best methods and techniques of training;
- think over didactic teaching aids (tasks in the textbook, visibility, handouts, check the serviceability of technical teaching aids);
- plan your lesson by the minute in each class, setting where the work will be done under the guidance of the teacher, where and when the children will perform independent tasks;
- to foresee what the children will do, where they will feel difficulties, when fatigue sets in and it will be necessary to do a physical exercise;
- think about how to ease the complexity of cognitive work for children;
- weigh the educational possibilities of the material being studied and try to bring the solution of educational problems into the outline of the lesson;
- to think over how to carry out personality-oriented training and education;
- Create a lesson plan.
A lesson in an ungraded school is conducted according to one common plan for the class-set. Its structure is characterized not by the stages of the lesson, but by transitions: “with the teacher - on your own”, “on your own - with the teacher”. In the lesson plans of the teacher of an ungraded school, the columns “work with the teacher” and “independent work” appear.
Much attention should be paid in terms of the general stages of work, when all students do the same work - listen to the teacher's explanation, play, complete the task, work with observation diaries.
Single-theme lessons are sometimes held in joint classes. Their appearance is due to the fact that certain topics are repeated in programs, supplemented from class to class with new information. Such lessons are accompanied by visualization, and, if available, computer technologies are also used. In terms of the lesson, the work of children under the guidance of a teacher in one class and independent work in another should be clearly, minute by minute. Single-theme lessons and lessons with common stages are possible.
Thus, an elementary small school has its own specifics, and the quality of education in it directly depends on the teacher's ability to organize training sessions with younger students in classes of different ages.
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Development of a combined lesson plan
Rice. 8. The structure of the combined lesson phase
and industrial training (binary)
Combined lesson of special technology
The main characteristics of the lesson:
Consistent alternation of types of students' activities (cognitive and practical);
Studying a local segment of theoretical material, performing exercises and solving educational and production problems;
The result of the activity of students in the lesson is a formed system of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, objectified in material objects;
The duration of the lesson is equal to the school day (6 or 7 hours);
In the structure of the lesson, phases and steps are clearly expressed, characterizing the target functions of the stages in the formation of theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
The structure of a combined lesson can be represented as a sequential alternation of phases. In turn, each phase consists of two steps. The first step is the assimilation of a portion of theoretical material, the second is the practical formation of skills (Fig. 8).
1st step - the formation of knowledge
2nd step - the formation of skills and abilities
When planning a lesson in time, it must be borne in mind that 10-15 minutes are usually allotted for a theory step; the step of practice (performing exercises on a portion of theoretical material) takes students from 20 to 30 minutes.
The generalized structure of the combined lesson can be represented as the following formula:
Y \u003d F o + F1 + F 2 + ... + F n + F 3,
where F o - the initial phase (1st step - the organization and target setting of the lesson,
2nd step - orientation of students in the upcoming activities);
Ф1,Ф 2 , ...,Ф n - intermediate phases (1st step - a brief explanation of the technology of the forthcoming work, questions on knowledge testing, 2nd
step - practical exercises);
F 3 - the final phase (collection of student work, analysis of student work, grading in theory and practice).
1. Formulate the goals of the combined lesson.
2. Determine the list of the main phases of the lesson.
3. Develop the structure of the three phases of the lesson.
4. Give a detailed plan for one of the listed phases of the lesson.
Disadvantages of traditional lessons - the typical structure of the lesson, the involvement of students in traditional forms of educational activity and, as a result, a decrease in interest in the subject, the teacher's orientation towards the average student and general didactic goals, the predominance of the reproductive activity of students in the lesson.
Innovative Lesson- a lesson that has a flexible non-standard structure, conducted with the aim of activating the activities of students by involving them in various non-traditional forms of organizing educational activities aimed at increasing students' interest in the subject.
State budgetary educational institution
Samara region basic comprehensive school with. Old Maksimkino of the Koshkinsky municipal district of the Samara Region
Contest
"The best methodological development of the lesson
in combined classes in an ungraded school”
"Mathematics"
2-3 grade
Nomination
"The best lesson in elementary school"
Primary school teacher
GBOU OOSH village Staroe Maksimkino
Grigoryeva Natalya Gennadievna
2015
Explanatory note
This lesson in mathematics is held in 2nd and 3rd grades in the 3rd quarter.
1. Characteristics of the class
There are only 10 students in grades 2 and 3.
Grade 2 - 4 students: 2 girls and 2 boys. Of these, 4 students study at "5" and "4".The place and role of this lesson in the course of mathematics were determined correctly, the lesson is in connection with previous and subsequent lessons.
The material of the lesson contributes to the development of oral computing skills, prepares for the written reception of multiplication. Provides strength of knowledge and improvement of computational skills and abilities.
Grade 3 - 6 students: 3 girls and 3 boys. Of these, 3 students study for "5" and "4", 3 students - for "3".
The class is efficient, cognitive activity is high.
2. Characteristics of the topic.
3. System of goals.
Themes:
Grade 2 - Written methods of addition and subtraction within 100
Lesson type: knowledge consolidation lesson.
Lesson Form : lesson - game
Didactic goal: secondary comprehension of already known knowledge, development of skills and abilities for their application.
Lesson Objectives:
consolidate oral techniques of tabular multiplication and division, addition of two-digit numbers within 100;
improve the ability to solve problems for finding the perimeter, problems for finding the area;
improve computing skills;
develop the ability to reason, draw conclusions;
to cultivate interest in mathematics, positive motivation for learning;
Lesson structure.
Organizing moment - 1 min.
Motivational setting, work planning - 1 min.
Repetition of what has been learned. Actualization of students' knowledge - 8 min.
A minute of calligraphy
Verbal counting
Chamomile questions
Consolidation of acquired knowledge - 30 min.
Problem solving (in pairs)
Fizminutka
Geometric material (perimeter, area)
Multi-level independent work
Playing with sticks
Graphic dictation
Summing up the lesson. Reflection. - 3 min.
Homework message, instruction. - 2 minutes.
Subject: mathematics
Grade: 2.3
Grade 2 - Written methods of addition and subtraction within 100
Grade 3 - Oral tricks of multiplication and division within 100
EducationalTo consolidate written techniques for adding two-digit numbers within 100
Improve the ability to solve problems in two steps, finding the perimeter
Educational
Educational
Health saving
Ensuring physical activity in the classroom.
Educational
To consolidate the oral techniques of tabular multiplication and division
Improve the ability to solve compound problems, problems to find the area
Improve your computing skills
Educational
Develop the ability to reason, draw conclusions.
Develop mental processes: attention, memory, thinking, competent and correct speech.
Educational
Education of cognitive interests in the subject
Education of communication skills
Cultivate interest in mathematics positive motivation for learning
Cultivate respect for classmates, the ability to behave at a party
Health saving
Creation of conditions for relieving physical stress;
Create conditions for the emergence of a situation of success and psychological comfort in the classroom
Individual approach to students
Ensuring physical activity in the classroom.
During the classes:
I. Org. moment.
Set students up for collaboration and success.
My friends! I'm very happy
Enter our friendly class.
And for me already a reward
Attention of your smart eyes.
II . Motivational setting, work planning
I would like to start our lesson with a proverb: “Every day adds a particle of wisdom.
How do you understand it? (Every day we learn something new.)
Our knowledge is wealth that we put in a chest, and when necessary, we take it out and use it.
Today we will test our knowledge. We will work together, help each other and we will succeed.
Teamwork rules:
Don't tell everyone at once.
Do not argue, but discuss and prove.
Try to understand each other.
Accurately, clearly and correctly formulate the answer.
Seek help from the teacher as needed
With what mood will you get to work? (With good, ...)
Smile at each other! Let's hit the road!
I invited our favorite heroes to visit today, so we won’t be bored today.
And here they are. Meet them! (Masha and the Bear appear on the screen.)
III . Repetition of what has been learned. Updating students' knowledge.
A minute of calligraphy
Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Today Masha is going to visit Misha. We need to help collect the gifts.
Grade 2 collects apples in a basket (numbers less than 90)
57, 91, 25, 34, 93, 61, 85, 80
Read the numbers. What is the excess number? Why?
Write the numbers in a notebook as a sum of digit terms.
Mutual verification. We exchanged notebooks, we check.
91=90+1
93=90+3
Grade 3 collects pears (numbers that do not have tens)
102, 340, 506, 967, 830, 702, 400, 208
Read the numbers? What is redundant and why?
Write the remaining numbers in your notebook, write them down as the sum of the bit terms
340=300+40+0
967=900+60+ 7
830=800+30+0
Self test
Chamomile questions
What are the components of addition called? (1,2 term, sum)
What is the name of a figure in which all sides are equal? (square, rhombus)
Several people were on the tram. At the bus stop, 5 people got off and 9 got on. Has the number of people on the tram increased or decreased and by how much? (increased by 4)
What is the name of a figure that has all right angles? (rectangle)
Continue the statement: from the rearrangement of the terms ... (the sum does not change)
How to find subtrahend? (subtract the difference from the reduced)
Chamomile questions
1. What are the names of the multiplication components? Divisions?
2. How is the area of a rectangle determined?
3. Dividend 74, divisor 2. Specify the quotient.
4. How do you know how many times 3 is in 17?
5. Divide the sum of the numbers 63 and 12 by 3.
6. Continue the sentence: "The multiplication of two numbers can be checked like this ..."
Masha often misbehaves. Let's remind her how to behave at a party.
Thank you if you are invited to visit.
First ask permission from your parents, and then give an answer.
If you promised, be sure to come.
Don't be late for a visit, but don't come too early either.
It is customary to come with a gift for a birthday. The main thing in a gift is not its value, but attention to the person.
Be friendly and cheerful when visiting.
Keep yourself simple at a party, do not draw the attention of others to yourself, do not laugh too loudly, do not shout or play around.
If you are treated, you should not be picky or rush to try delicious treats.
Don't forget to say "thank you" when you leave the table.
Masha goes to Mishka and looks at ladybugs and butterflies along the way
Choose the answer to the expression (answers on butterflies)
8+5= 15-7=
9+3= 11-8=
7+4= 16-9=
9+9= 14-5=
Admire? What group of animals do they belong to?
And now we will set them free.
Masha sat down on a stump to rest and began to guess on Chamomile (Chamomile of questions - 2 pieces) in turn
There are 16 books on the shelf and 4 on the table. How many times fewer books are on the table than on the shelf? (4)
How to find the dividend? (quotient times divisor)
Grandma is 60 years old. The grandson is 10 times younger than the grandmother. How old is the grandson? (6)
Reduce 9 times 9. (1)
Continue the statement: from a permutation of factors ... (the product does not change)
When a crane stands on one leg, it weighs 3 kg. How much will a crane weigh if it stands on two legs? (3kg).
For the filling, the bear took 18 large strawberries, and 5 more small ones. How many berries did the bear put in the pie?
What is the task? What berries did the bear put in the pie? So, what words will we write in a short condition?
Can we immediately find out how many large berries are in the pie?
Why? And we can find out: how many are small? What action?
How to find out how many? Why?
- Decide on your own
- Self test
How many berries are in the filling? (41 berries)
The pie turned out great!
What shape is the cake? (rectangle) Prove.
Find the perimeter of the pie. (Work at the blackboard)
R=30cm+20cm+30cm+20cm=100cm
Express in dm.
And the bear is waiting for Masha and he decided to bake a strawberry pie for her(independent work)
Come up with a task according to the condition and solve it(pair work)
Sugar- ? 2 glasses of 100 g
Flour -? 3 glasses of 100 g
How much?
Mutual verification.
In how many steps did you solve the problem?
What did you learn in 1 action? 2? 3?
Find the perimeter (strong learners in many ways) and the area of the pie.
(work in pairs)
R=(30+20)*2=100 cm
S=30*20=600 cm 2
Playing with sticks
Lay out of sticks
2nd class - lamp, 3rd class - TV.
What geometric shapes does the lamp consist of? TV?
So Masha came, Mishka was delighted and began to dance!
Musical physics minute with the heroes of the lesson
A hare came to visit Masha and the bear.
Misha treated the guests and they began to play the game
- "Catch up with me" (multi-level independent work). Let's play this game
level
1. From the numbers 48, 1, 14. 4, 40. 81, 8, 18, 84, 44, 80, 88 write out all two-digit numbers in ascending order
2 level
Solve the equation:
30 + x = 67
3 level
Calculate the values of expressions:
40 + 5 = 30 + 20 =
26 + 2 = 70 + 13 =
Level 4*
There are 15 candies in a box. When Sasha ate 6 candies and his brother ate several candies, there were 7 candies left in the box. How many sweets did your brother eat?
Template check. Self test
Guys, who are ahead of us? Who managed to complete all the tasks?
- Tanagram "Bunny" (folded on the desks)
- "Catch up with me" (multi-level independent work)
1 level
Compare numbers:
401 … 386 699 … 700 220 … 202
2 level
Solve the equation:
X : 6 = 9
3 level
Find the meaning of expressions:
47 + 5 3 - 18 = (36: 6 + 3) 2 =
Level 4*
Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday Alyosha watches one new cartoon. How many new cartoons will Alyosha watch in 6 weeks?
- Self test
- Template check. Self test
Our meeting is coming to an end, Masha decided to give you a gift, and what, you will now find out by completing a graphic dictation
Step back 3 cells to the left, 3 cells from the top, put a dot and start drawing
What did Masha give you?) (Flower)
Say goodbye to our heroes
Lesson summary
Reflection
If you liked the lesson, clap your hands, if not, stomp your feet.
What tasks did you like?
What was the most difficult?
What was interesting about the lesson?
Grading
Homework
Application
List of used literature
1. Kalinina I.G. Development of attention in mathematics lessons in an ungraded school. / Primary school, 1999
2. Mathematics. Grade 2 Proc. allowance for general inst. At 2 o'clock - M.: Enlightenment, 2012
3. Mathematics. Grade 3 Proc. allowance for general inst. At 2 o'clock - M.: Enlightenment, 2013
4. Sitnikova T.N. , Yatsenko I.F. Lesson developments in mathematics Grade 2 - M .: VAKO, 2013.
5. Sitnikova T.N. , Yatsenko I.F. Lesson developments in mathematics Grade 3 - M .: VAKO, 2013.
6. Suvorova G.F. Improving the educational process in an ungraded school. - M .: Pedagogy, 1999
Internet resources:
