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Research work on the history of Tatyana Vdovkina, 8th grade student of MOBUSOSH No. 1 village. Inzer “Myths of ancient peoples about the origin of man” Leader: history teacher Bikanacheva E.M.

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I. Introduction. People have long tried to explain their origins. Currently, interest in this issue has not lost its relevance. There are two main theories of human origin: 1) the theory of divine creation and 2) the theory of evolutionary origin-Darwinism. Darwinism suggests that humans evolved from highly developed apes as a result of natural selection. Darwin's theory has a solid base of facts, anthropological data, comparative characteristics and is a well-built scientific system. No less popular is the version of the creation of man by the Supreme Mind (God), who created the first man from dust and breathed in the breath of life. All this does not allow us to choose one single theory of the origin of man, since they seem to be quite equivalent and complement each other well.

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When studying the origins and development of man in history and social studies lessons, we mostly talk only about Darwin's theory.

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I was also interested in another version, the theory of the divine creation of man (theological version). I set myself a goal - to find as much evidence as possible about the divine origin of man. In the process of working on this topic, I had to solve the following tasks: 1) search for sources (myths) that would give answers to my questions; 2) study and comparison of sources; 3) based on the knowledge gained, draw a conclusion on this problem.

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The most ancient sources of ideas about the world are MYTHS. This is the earliest form of spiritual culture of humanity. The word "myth" is Greek. It means legend, narration. Myths are ancient tales about the origin of the world and man, about the first ancestors of man, about how the existing order of things arose, about gods and heroes, about the origin of life.

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Myths played a decisive role in the life of primitive man. Ancient man's knowledge of the world was extremely small. People had a need to somehow explain why day and night change, why the seasons change, why it rains or is unbearably hot, why some animals attack people, while others are afraid of humans, etc. In an attempt to explain the phenomena of the surrounding world, man developed myths that explained what was happening.

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God Amun-Ra 1. Ancient Egyptian mythology. In the beginning, the world was Chaos, a primordial abyss of water - Nun. From Chaos came the gods who created the Earth, Sky, people, animals, plants. God of the Sun - Ra, creator of the cosmos, cultural objects, nature and people.

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God Brahma. 2. Ancient Indian mythology. The birth from the primeval waters of a golden egg - a golden embryo, the emergence from it of Brahma, the creator god. From the two halves of the egg, Heaven and Earth are created, with air space between them. Brahma is divided into two parts - male and female. After this, plants and animals are created. People appear from different parts of Brahma.

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3. Sumerian-Akkadian mythology The Sumerians claim that they had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet, according to Sumerian texts, that the Anunaki came to Earth, “descending from heaven to Earth.” The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they were called “Nifilim”), often mistaken for “gods,” “took earthly women as wives.” Here the theological theory intersects with the cosmogonic one.

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God Marduk 4. Babylonian-Assyrian mythology. The creation of the world by Marduk, the direct heir of the Sumerian gods. God Marduk creates Earth and Sky, organizes the world order, creates people and animals.

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A. Fantalov. The birth of the world from Chaos. 5. Ancient Greek mythology. In the beginning there was only eternal, boundless, dark Chaos. It contained the source of life in the world. Everything arose from boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. The goddess Earth, Gaia, also came from Chaos. It spreads wide, powerful, giving life to everything that lives and grows on it...

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P. Rubens. People of the Golden Age. The immortal gods living on bright Olympus created the first human race happy; it was a golden age. God Kron ruled then in heaven. Like blessed gods, people lived in those days, knowing neither care, nor labor, nor sadness. They also did not know frail old age; Their legs and arms were always strong and strong. Their painless and happy life was an eternal feast.

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According to the ancient myths of China, when the Earth had already separated from the sky, majestic mountains rose high, rivers full of fish flowed to the seas, forests and steppes were overflowing with wild animals, the world still remained incomplete without the human race. And then begins the story of the creation of humanity. As in other religious versions, the religions of the ancient civilization of China believed that people were created from clay. The creator of people was Nuiva, the great female spirit. She took a handful of clay and began to sculpt figures, they came to life and became people. 6.Ancient Chinese mythology.

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Nuiva understood that she did not have enough strength or time to blind all the people who could populate the earth. And then Nuiva pulled a rope through the liquid clay. When the goddess shook the rope, pieces of clay flew in all directions. Falling to the ground, they turned into people. But either because they were not molded by hand, or because the swamp clay still differed in composition from that from which the first people were molded, but the ancient myths of China claim that people with a faster manufacturing method were significantly different from those created by hand. That is why the rich and noble are people made by the gods with their own hands from the yellow earth, while the poor and insignificant people are made with the help of a rope.

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The creators are the god Enki and the mother goddess Ninmah. They fashion people from clay collected from the primordial ocean. According to another myth, people emerge from a hole in the ground that the god Enlil made with a hoe. 7. Australian mythology.

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8. Scandinavian mythology God Surt In the beginning of everything there was the All-Father; he lived at all times and had absolute power over his kingdom. He created the heavenly world, the earth, the firmament and the human race.

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In the beginning there was the World Abyss - Ginungagap. Inside it in the north lay a cold, foggy, deserted country called Niflheim (“dark world”). In the middle of Niflheim flowed the great source of all rivers, Hvergelmir (“boiling cauldron”). Where the smoky heat of Muspellheim met the poisonous cold of Niflheim, the frost melted, and a giant appeared, similar in appearance to a man. His name was Ymir or Aurgelmir. Ymir began to sweat, and a man and a woman grew under his left hand: this is how a tribe of frost giants appeared.

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9. The Old Testament (Bible) about the creation of the world and man. And God said: Let us make man in Our image and after Our likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing. on the ground. And God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them: Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea, [and over the animals], and over the birds of the air, [and over every livestock, and over all the earth, ] and over every living thing that moves on the earth... And God saw everything that He had created, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning: the sixth day.” Jan Brueghel the Younger, “God Creates the Sun, Moon and Stars”

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The Koran is the holy book of Muslims. 10. The Koran about the origin of man. How dare people talk about their origins if they did not witness their creation? “I did not make them witnesses of the creation of the heavens and the earth and the creation of themselves.” Since people did not witness the creation of the heavens and earth, nor the creation of themselves, there is little truth and a lot of error in their ideas on this matter. Allah told us that He created man as a complete, independent being. He informed the angels of His intention to create man even before he “Truly, Allah created Adam from a handful collected from all over the earth, and therefore the descendants of Adam are different from each other, just as the earth is different. They include red, white, black and other colors in between. Among them there are carefree and gloomy, bad and good.” Water was used to create man: “Allah created all living creatures from water.” Therefore, man is created from earth and water. "He is the One who created you from clay." This clay dried out and became ringing, like potter's clay: "He created man from dry (or ringing) clay, like potter's clay." Adam was the first man. He is the forefather of the entire human race. From him his wife Havva was created.

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III.Conclusion. While doing research work, I read and compared the myths of different peoples who lived in different parts of the world. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1) in almost all of the above-mentioned myths, peace and life on Earth arose from Chaos; 2) all myths tell about the divine origin of man. 3) some ancient myths are quite compatible with the modern scientific myth about how molecules emerged from the chaos of chemical elements after an explosion. 4) in ancient myths and sacred writings of the Sumerians, indigenous Australians, Chinese, Arabs - a person is molded from clay.

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Through my research, I tried to find an answer to the eternal question about the origin of man. There is no clear answer. Of all the theories about the origin of man, in my opinion, the most likely is that man was created by the Supreme Mind (God), because of all the creatures living on Earth he is the most perfect. It doesn’t matter who started this program, God or the World Mind, or it’s natural selection, but it worked.

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Darwin's theory explained the origin of species, and man is one of the species of the animal kingdom. He outlined his thoughts in the remarkable work “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection” (essentially, these are two independent works), which was a continuation of the book “The Origin of Species”, in which he only touched upon the question of human ancestry, for practical reasons considering it premature to publish his views on the origin of man. Darwin's theory explained the origin of species, and man is one of the species of the animal kingdom. He outlined his thoughts in the remarkable work “The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection” (essentially, these are two independent works), which was a continuation of the book “The Origin of Species”, in which he only touched upon the question of human ancestry, for practical reasons considering it premature to publish his views on the origin of man. Darwin wrote to Wells:

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Genesis contains two accounts of God's creation of man. The first says only Genesis contains two stories about God's creation of man. The first speaks only of 1) God's decision to create man in God's own image and likeness 2) of God's works to implement this decision. Nothing is said about the materials and methods used. The first story emphasizes more the purpose or rationale for the creation of man, namely: man should be fruitful, multiply, and have dominion over the earth. The second story is completely different: “And the Lord God created man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul.” Here, how God created man comes to the fore. Regarding the status of the first pair of people, many have put forward and defended whether Adam and Eve should be considered real historical persons or purely symbolic of various theories. A sharp divergence of views exists on the issue of the figures. The traditional view is that they were real people and that the events of the biblical narrative actually occurred in space and time. It is, however, disputed by a number of theologians.

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Presentation on the topic: Human Origins

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Employees of Imperial College London claim that life on Earth “flew” from space. Their studies showed that the components of DNA are of extraterrestrial origin. The degree of hybridization of DNA between humans and chimpanzees is 90-98%, between humans and gibbons - 76%, between humans and macaques - 66%; Monkeys are able to use natural objects as simple tools. Monkeys have concrete thinking, just like humans. English scientists weighed human bodies before and after death. As a result of this experiment, they were able to establish that the deceased human body loses 11 grams in weight. This is one of the proofs of the existence of the soul. There is an opinion that thought is a certain process as a result of which the human body releases a certain energy, which, transformed through the nervous system, can in some sense be expelled from the body, transforming into the background surrounding a person. As a rule, this background is called an aura. There are 80,000 thousand genes in the human body

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EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Man descends from animal ancestors - monkeys. A proponent of this hypothesis was the English naturalist Charles Darwin. In his work “The Descent of Man,” he proved on the basis of facts that man is related to monkeys. That humans and apes descend from common ancestors who lived in ancient times. This hypothesis is confirmed by numerous finds of bone remains of ancient apes and primitive people.

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Theory of Creation This theory states that man is created by God, gods or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation. Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be self-evident. However, various evidence has been put forward for this theory, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples telling about the creation of man. Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict the evolutionary theory. Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God.

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The theory of external intervention According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is in one way or another connected with the activities of other civilizations. In its simplest form, TVV considers humans to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times. More complex variants of TVB involve: crossing of aliens with the ancestors of people; the creation of Homo sapiens using genetic engineering methods; the creation of the first people in a homuncular way; control of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence; evolutionary development of earthly life and intelligence according to a program originally laid down by extraterrestrial superintelligence. There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis related to the theory of external intervention.

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Theory of spatial anomalies Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earthly Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance. Given favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type. In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in TPA does not have significant differences with evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and intelligence, which, along with random factors, controls evolution.

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This theory states that man was created by God, the gods, or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation. Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be self-evident. However, various evidence has been put forward for this theory, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples telling about the creation of man. Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict the evolutionary theory. Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God.

Where am I from? Each person, during his life, seeks answers to eternal questions: Each person, throughout his life, seeks answers to eternal questions: Who am I? Who am I? Where? Where? Why am I? Why am I? And where will I go? Therefore, considering that the answer to the question is the result of some kind of instinctive feeling, inner confidence, rather than a scientific or some other approach, then we’ll just try to find out. And where will I go? Therefore, considering that the answer to the question is the result of some kind of instinctive feeling, inner confidence, rather than a scientific or some other approach, then we’ll just try to find out.

The main groups of “origin beliefs”: “Darwinian” “Divine” “Alien” Theories of origin

The theory of Charles Darwin Now in our world the prevailing point of view was expressed in the last century by the British scientist Charles Darwin - man descended from apes. Now in our world the prevailing point of view, expressed in the last century by the British scientist Charles Darwin, is that man descended from apes.

The main evidence of Darwin's theory 1. Humans and monkeys have very similar external and internal structures. Perhaps they had a common ancestor in the distant past. 1. Humans and monkeys have very similar external and internal structures. Perhaps they had a common ancestor in the distant past.

Evidence of Charles Darwin's theory. 2. Periodically, people are born on Earth with features that are found only in animals - for example, a tail in place of the tailbone; several nipples on the chest in a row, like a pig's; a face completely covered with hair; fangs, like those of predators. 2. Periodically, people are born on Earth with features that are found only in animals - for example, a tail in place of the tailbone; several nipples on the chest in a row, like a pig's; a face completely covered with hair; fangs, like those of predators. Perhaps our distant ancestors had tails, fangs, many nipples, and abundant fur. And now, thousands of years later, this strangely manifests itself in some representatives of the human tribe. Perhaps our distant ancestors had tails, fangs, many nipples, and abundant fur. And now, thousands of years later, this strangely manifests itself in some representatives of the human tribe.

Evidence of Charles Darwin's theory. 3. Anthropologists managed to find several remains of ancient people, called Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons, and Pithecanthropes. 3. Anthropologists managed to find several remains of ancient people, called Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons, and Pithecanthropes. Judging by these remains, primitive people had a more primitive body structure than modern people - a smaller skull volume, short stature... Judging by these remains, primitive people had a more primitive body structure than modern people - a smaller skull volume, short stature. ..

The most ancient people. Pithecanthropus. Pithecanthropus -. The remains were discovered first on the island. Java in 1891 by E. Dubois, and then in a number of other places. Pithecanthropus -. The remains were discovered first on the island. Java in 1891 by E. Dubois, and then in a number of other places. Pithecanthropus walked on two legs, their brain volume increased, they used primitive tools in the form of clubs and lightly hewn stones. A low forehead, powerful brow ridges, a half-bent body with abundant hair - all this pointed to their recent (monkey) past. Pithecanthropus walked on two legs, their brain volume increased, they used primitive tools in the form of clubs and lightly hewn stones. A low forehead, powerful brow ridges, a half-bent body with abundant hair - all this pointed to their recent (monkey) past. The earliest people lived 2 million thousand years ago. The earliest people lived 2 million thousand years ago.

Neanderthal. The remains of Neanderthals were discovered in Europe, Asia, and Africa. They got their name from the place of the first discovery in the valley of the river. Neander (Germany). The remains of Neanderthals were discovered in Europe, Asia, and Africa. They got their name from the place of the first discovery in the valley of the river. Neander (Germany). Neanderthals lived in the Ice Age thousands of years ago in caves, where they constantly maintained fire and dressed in skins. Neanderthal tools were much more advanced and had some specialization: knives, scrapers, percussion tools. Neanderthals lived in the Ice Age thousands of years ago in caves, where they constantly maintained fire and dressed in skins. Neanderthal tools were much more advanced and had some specialization: knives, scrapers, percussion tools.

Modern people. Cro-Magnons. The emergence of people of the modern physical type occurred relatively recently, about 50 thousand years ago. Their remains have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. In the Cro-Magnon Grotto (France), several fossil skeletons of modern people were discovered, who were called Cro-Magnons. The emergence of people of the modern physical type occurred relatively recently, about 50 thousand years ago. Their remains have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. In the Cro-Magnon Grotto (France), several fossil skeletons of modern people were discovered, who were called Cro-Magnons.

Divine theory. (Religious). All religions of the world contain, although sometimes vague, tales about the first days of the Earth, which are very close to what is written in the Bible. Thus, describing the creation of the earth, the Bible says: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, but the earth was formless and empty, and darkness was upon the deep; and the Spirit of God moved over the waters.” All religions of the world contain, although sometimes vague, tales about the first days of the Earth, which are very close to what is written in the Bible. Thus, describing the creation of the earth, the Bible says: “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth, but the earth was formless and empty, and darkness was upon the deep; and the Spirit of God moved over the waters.”

Theologism and creationism This is the doctrine according to which evolution is the method chosen by God to create the world and man. This is the doctrine that evolution is the method chosen by God to create the world and man. This teaching has different self-names: Orthodox, creative, theistic evolutionism, theologism. This teaching has different self-names: Orthodox, creative, theistic evolutionism, theologism, concordism, etc. concordism, etc. This is the original Orthodox teaching about the origin of the living and inanimate world through a supernatural act of creation. This is the original Orthodox teaching about the origin of the living and inanimate world through a supernatural act of creation. In the 19th century Creationism constituted a completely serious scientific opposition to the theories of evolution. The most prominent of the creation biologists was Georges Cuvier in the 19th century. Creationism constituted a completely serious scientific opposition to the theories of evolution. The most prominent creation biologist was Georges Cuvier.

Theologism. In the Orthodox Tradition, the idea of ​​evolution is not rejected, but, on the contrary, receives a new meaning. Before God breathed a soul into Adam, he was like an animal. There was an animal in the form of a man, with the soul of an animal. Then God breathed His spirit into him and from an animal he became a man. In the Orthodox Tradition, the idea of ​​evolution is not rejected, but, on the contrary, receives a new meaning. Before God breathed a soul into Adam, he was like an animal. There was an animal in the image of a man, with a soul animal. Then God breathed His spirit into him and from an animal he became a man

Creationism. Man was created in his present form from the very beginning. There was no evolution, no gradual change in appearance. Man was created in his present form from the very beginning. There was no evolution, no gradual change in appearance. Adam and Eve looked almost exactly like us modern humans. Adam and Eve looked almost exactly like us modern humans. Neanderthals, Pithecanthropus and Cro-Magnons are not intermediate links on the path from apes to modern humans, but ordinary underdeveloped people, deviations from the norm. Neanderthals, Pithecanthropus and Cro-Magnons are not intermediate links on the path from apes to modern humans, but ordinary underdeveloped people, deviations from the norm.

"Alien" theory. About three million years ago, somewhere near the equator, a space landing force descended, delivering the first messengers to Earth. About three million years ago, somewhere near the equator, a space landing force descended, delivering the first messengers to Earth.

Messengers from space. Thanks to the work of archaeologists, we know that these settlers were small - about one and a half meters - tall and had a peculiar skull structure. Large eye sockets, as in many nocturnal animals, and jaws adapted for chewing both plant and meat foods, a wide nasal opening, indicating a well-developed peripheral part of the olfactory center - these are the main anthropological features of the skeletal remains of australopithecines - our true ancestors. Thanks to the work of archaeologists, we know that these settlers were small - about one and a half meters - tall and had a peculiar skull structure. Large eye sockets, as in many nocturnal animals, and jaws adapted for chewing both plant and meat foods, a wide nasal opening, indicating a well-developed peripheral part of the olfactory center - these are the main anthropological features of the skeletal remains of australopithecines - our true ancestors.

What should I do? How is the question of human origins resolved by modern science? Even now, according to surveys, the majority of American students, for example, continue to believe that man was created by God, as stated in the Bible. There is a joke among biologists about this; “Ten thousand years from now, the creatures inhabiting the Earth will indignantly deny their origin from man.” How is the question of human origins resolved by modern science? Even now, according to surveys, the majority of American students, for example, continue to believe that man was created by God, as stated in the Bible. There is a joke among biologists about this; “Ten thousand years from now, the creatures inhabiting the Earth will indignantly deny their origin from man.”