Presentation on the topic of nuclear threat. Nuclear threat: what to fear, damaging factors. Doctrines of nuclear war in the past

A nuclear war is usually called a hypothetical clash between countries or military-political blocs that have thermonuclear or nuclear weapons and put them into action. Atomic weapons in such a conflict will become the main means of destruction. The history of nuclear war, fortunately, has not yet been written. But after the outbreak of the Cold War in the second half of the last century, nuclear war between the United States and the USSR was considered a likely development.

What will happen if there is a nuclear war?
Doctrines of nuclear war in the past
US nuclear doctrine during the Thaw
Russian nuclear doctrine

What will happen if there is a nuclear war?

Many people fearfully asked the question: what will happen if a nuclear war breaks out? This conceals a large-scale environmental danger:

The explosions would release enormous amounts of energy.
Ash and soot from the fires would obscure the sun for a long time, which would lead to the effect of “nuclear night” or “nuclear winter” with a sharp drop in temperature on the planet.
The apocalyptic picture would be complemented by radioactive contamination, which would have no less catastrophic consequences for life.

It was assumed that most countries of the world would inevitably be drawn into such a war, directly or indirectly.

The danger of a nuclear war is that it would lead to a global environmental disaster and even the death of our civilization.

What will happen in the event of a nuclear war? A powerful explosion is only part of the disaster:

As a result of a nuclear explosion, a giant fireball is formed, the heat from which chars or completely burns all living things at a sufficiently large distance from the epicenter of the explosion.
A third of the energy is released in the form of a powerful light pulse, a thousand times brighter than the radiation of the sun, so it instantly ignites all easily flammable materials (fabrics, paper, wood), and causes third-degree burns to people.
But the primary fires do not have time to flare up, since they are partially extinguished by a powerful blast wave. Flying burning debris, sparks, household gas explosions, short circuits and burning petroleum products cause extensive and long-lasting secondary fires.
Individual fires merge into a terrifying fire tornado that can easily burn down any metropolis. Such firestorms, created by the Allies, destroyed Dresden and Hamburg during the Second World War.
Since massive fires release heat in huge quantities, heated air masses rush upward, forming hurricanes at the surface of the earth, bringing new portions of oxygen to the fire.
Dust and soot rise to the stratosphere, forming a giant cloud there that blocks out the sunlight. And prolonged darkening leads to nuclear winter.

The earth after a nuclear war would hardly remain even a little like its former self; it would be scorched, and almost all living things would die.

An instructive video about what will happen if a nuclear war breaks out:

Doctrines of nuclear war in the past

The first doctrine (theory, concept) of nuclear war arose immediately after the end of World War II, in the United States. Then it was invariably reflected in the strategic concepts of NATO and the United States. However, the military doctrine of the USSR also assigned a decisive role to nuclear missile weapons in the next big war.

Initially, a massive nuclear war scenario was envisaged with the unlimited use of all available nuclear weapons, and their targets would be not only military, but also civilian targets. It was believed that in such a conflict the country that would be the first to launch a massive nuclear strike against the enemy, the purpose of which was the preemptive destruction of its nuclear weapons, would gain an advantage.

But there was the main problem of a nuclear war - a preventive nuclear attack might not be so effective, and the enemy would be able to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike on industrial centers and large cities.

Since the late 50s, a new concept of “limited nuclear war” has emerged in the United States. In the 70s, according to this concept, various weapons systems could be used in a hypothetical armed conflict, including operational-tactical and tactical nuclear weapons, which had restrictions on the scale of use and means of delivery. In such a conflict, atomic weapons would only be used to destroy military and important economic facilities. If history could be distorted, nuclear wars in the recent past could realistically follow a similar scenario.

One way or another, the United States still remains the only state that in practice used nuclear weapons in 1945 not against the military, but dropped 2 bombs on the civilian population of Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9).

Hiroshima

On August 6, 1945, under the guise of the Potsdam Declaration, which set an ultimatum regarding the immediate surrender of Japan, the American government sent an American bomber to the Japanese Islands, and at 08:15 Japanese time it dropped the first nuclear bomb, codenamed “Baby,” on the city of Hiroshima.

The power of this charge was relatively small - about 20,000 tons of TNT. The explosion of the charge occurred at an altitude of about 600 meters above the surface of the earth, and its epicenter was above the Sima hospital. It was not by chance that Hiroshima was chosen as the target of a demonstrative nuclear strike - it was there at that time that the general headquarters of the Japanese Navy and the second general staff of the Japanese army were located.

The explosion destroyed a large part of Hiroshima.
Over 70,000 people were killed instantly.
Near 60,000 died later from wounds, burns and radiation sickness.
There was a zone of complete destruction within a radius of about 1.6 kilometers, while the fires spread over an area of 11.4 square meters. km.
90% of the city's buildings were either completely destroyed or severely damaged.
The tram system miraculously survived the bombing.

In the six months following the bombing, they died from its consequences. 140,000 people.

This “insignificant”, according to the military, charge once again proved that the consequences of a nuclear war for humanity are destructive, as for a race.

Sad video about the nuclear attack on Hiroshima:

Nagasaki

On August 9 at 11:02, another American plane dropped another nuclear charge, “Fat Man,” on the city of Nagasaki. It was detonated high above the Nagasaki Valley, where industrial plants were located. The second American nuclear attack on Japan in a row caused further catastrophic destruction and loss of life:

74,000 Japanese died instantly.
14,000 buildings were completely destroyed.

In fact, these terrible moments can be called the days when a nuclear war almost started, since bombs were dropped on civilians, and only a miracle stopped the moment when the world was on the brink of nuclear war.

US nuclear doctrine during the Thaw

At the end of the Cold War, the American doctrine of limited nuclear war was transformed into the concept of counterproliferation. It was first voiced by US Secretary of Defense L. Espin in December 1993. The Americans considered that it was no longer possible to achieve this goal with the help of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, therefore, at critical moments, the United States reserved the right to carry out “disarmament strikes” on the nuclear facilities of undesirable regimes.

In 1997, a directive was adopted according to which the US Army must be prepared to strike foreign facilities for the production and storage of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. And in 2002, the concept of counterproliferation entered the American national security strategy. Within its framework, the United States intended to destroy nuclear facilities in Korea and Iran or take control of Pakistani facilities.

Russian nuclear doctrine

Russia's military doctrine also periodically changes its wording. In the latter option, Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons if not only nuclear or other types of weapons of mass destruction, but also conventional weapons were used against it or its allies, if this threatens the very foundations of the existence of the state, which could become one of the reasons for nuclear war. This speaks to the main thing - the likelihood of a nuclear war currently exists quite acutely, but the rulers understand that no one can survive in this conflict.

Russian nuclear weapons

An alternative history with nuclear war was developed in Russia. In 2016, the US State Department estimated, based on the data provided under the START-3 treaty, that the Russian army deployed 508 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles:

intercontinental ballistic missiles;
strategic bombers;
missiles on submarines.

There are 847 nuclear charge carriers in total, on which 1,796 charges are installed. It should be noted that nuclear weapons in Russia are being reduced quite intensively - over six months their number decreases by 6%.

With such weapons and more than 10 countries in the world that have officially confirmed the presence of nuclear weapons, the threat of nuclear war is a global problem, the prevention of which is a guarantee of life on Earth.

Are you afraid of nuclear war? Do you think it will come and how soon? Share your opinion or guesses in the comments.

"Yadernoe oruzhie"

Operating principle
Brief nuclear explosion
Nuclear charges: their types

If we approach the definition briefly, then nuclear (or in other words, atomic) weapons include in their definition the presence of nuclear warheads and the capabilities of their transportation and control.

Nuclear weapons are on the list of weapons of mass destruction.

Operating principle

Nuclear weapons (yadernoe oruzhie), more precisely the principle of its operation is nuclear energy. A chain reaction occurs, subsequently, by which heavy nuclei divide. In another case, light nuclei are synthesized using a thermonuclear reaction. If a huge amount of intranuclear energy is instantly released, but in a limited volume, then an explosive reaction. The visual center of the explosive reaction can be determined by the fireball.

Brief nuclear explosion

A nuclear explosion can cause seismic vibrations if it occurs on or near the surface of the earth. It is similar to an earthquake, but the radius of distribution is in the region of several hundred meters. The explosion leads to the release of energy, which is converted into bright light and heat. If it is at the epicenter of the explosion, that is, within the radius of the spread of a nuclear reaction, then people get burns, and flammable substances ignite.
The range extends to kilometers. With the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, ionizing radiation occurs, briefly - radiation. Its effect lasts for about a minute. Since radiation has enormous penetrating power, being within its radius of action is very dangerous to health. In order not to fall under its influence, a reliable shelter is required.

Nuclear charges: their types

Atomic. This type of charge involves the fission of heavy metal nuclei, such as uranium-235 (or uranium 233), plutonium-239. The explosion of an atomic charge is characterized by a nuclear reaction of one type.

Thermonuclear. The specificity of this charge is that the synthesis of lighter elements into heavier ones occurs. The reaction occurs during an explosion, under the influence of colossally high temperature. Lithium-6 deutride is used as fuel.

. The neutron charge is characterized by very high neutron radiation. At the same time, the power remains low. In this case, the bet is on an increased spread of radiation and, accordingly, a greater destructive force for all living things. Any equipment will also suffer when this charge explodes. The United States was the first to develop technology for creating a neutron charge. Now Russia and France can create it.

Nuclear explosion: its damaging factor

In the modern world, nuclear weapons seem to be one of the most dangerous types of weapons, due to their large-scale damaging factors.

Shock wave. For the most part, it is the shock wave that has the most powerful damaging properties.

The origin of the weapon's shock wave corresponds to a conventional explosion.
However, the force of destruction is much stronger. In addition to the destructive shock wave itself, objects located in the zone of its influence can be destroyed by flying fragments or objects located closer to the center of the explosion.
Accordingly, the destructive force of a nuclear explosion in populated areas or wooded areas will be many times stronger than in open space. A person can protect himself from a shock wave in shelters designed specifically for this purpose, or use the terrain and natural shelters.
Buildings from a nuclear explosion can suffer from minor damage to complete destruction. The shock wave is compared to water, since it is capable of penetrating into a room through the slightest hole, destroying partitions inside the building along its path.

. Light radiation. It includes visible, infrared and ultraviolet radiation.

When the air is heated and the temperature of the explosion products is high, this damaging factor is obtained. During an explosion, the brightness of the light radiation is several times greater than sunlight.
The area that was in the zone of light radiation can heat up to 10,000 °C. How long the light radiation will last can only be judged by the power of the nuclear explosion. The damaging factor is the high temperatures that affect everything around.
Thus, a nuclear explosion can cause fires, meltdown of equipment, and for humans severe burns up to complete charring.
In the event of a nuclear explosion, a person must hide the exposed parts of the skin and under no circumstances look in the direction of the explosion.
Light radiation is more destructive when a nuclear weapon explodes in the air than on the surface of the earth.
In bad weather conditions (rain, snow, fog), the damaging ability of light radiation decreases significantly. An ordinary shadow from something can serve as a shelter from light radiation.

. Penetrating radiation. During a nuclear explosion underground or underwater, the penetrating power of radiation is noticeably reduced. In the air, radiation spreads rapidly.

Radiation, in its destructive power, exceeds the above mentioned damaging factors. But the radius of radiation spread, even with a powerful explosion, is several kilometers.
The damaging effect on living organisms occurs by influencing vital organs, or more precisely, their function. People or animals affected by radiation become ill with radiation sickness.
The effects of radiation caused by a nuclear explosion last for several seconds. You can hide from such a damaging factor using thick materials that can trap radioactive radiation. For example, a layer of steel can absorb the radiation force twice as much.
You can hide behind concrete structures, underground, in water, behind a thick tree or under snow (in this case you need a thick layer of at least half a meter).

. Radioactive contamination. Both living organisms and a variety of non-living objects are exposed to this type of infection.

. Electromagnetic pulse, arising in the atmosphere, does not affect humans. The effect is on conductors for currents and voltages of different nature. The consequence of this impulse is damage to devices associated with radio engineering and current.
Nuclear weapons: their varieties
Nuclear potential is used for various purposes. And starting from the targets, weapons are divided into several types of explosions.

. An explosion high in the air is called aerial, due to the explosion of a nuclear warhead, can be high and low. Thus, the explosion occurs in such a way that the area of light emission does not reach the ground or the surface of the water. During explosions in low layers of the atmosphere, radioactive contamination of everything around occurs. It is not significant, even for living organisms. The remaining damaging factors operate at their maximum.

. Another type of explosion in the air - high-altitude. It is used to destroy missiles or aircraft. It is safe when used for ground applications. Here, the most destructive factors are all the damaging factors, except radioactive contamination.

. Ground or surface nuclear explosion produced on the surface of water/ground. It can also be done not high above these surfaces. Ground or surface can be considered one in which the light radiation touches a particular surface. The strongest damaging factor is contamination by radiation of the surface on which the explosion occurs. Other destructive factors also take place.

. The latest type of nuclear explosion, carried out either underground or underwater. The main factor of damage is the formation of seismic blast waves. The soil becomes contaminated with radiation. But there is no damaging factor of radiation penetration and light radiation.

Nuclear weapons as a threat to destroy humanity

The use of nuclear warheads occurred at the end of the Second World War against Nazi Germany. Then the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered. The nuclear bombing was carried out by the US Armed Forces. Such measures were dictated by the speedy signing of the surrender of Japan. The results of the explosion were catastrophic. The people at the epicenter of the explosion turned to coal. The birds burned in flight. The blast wave knocked out glass, which caused the death of most of the people.

Buildings collapsed. Many small fires broke out, which later grew into one big one. Those who remained alive after the explosion and its destructive factors subsequently began to die from radioactive contamination.

The consequences of a nuclear explosion reverberate in the future. People were still dying from cancer and other diseases for many years. If a nuclear explosion, huge in scale, is used, its consequences will be colossal fires that would engulf forests and cities. This would send a large amount of smoke towards the stratosphere. Solar radiation would stop reaching the earth's surface. This phenomenon is called “Nuclear Winter”.

Its danger lies in the destruction of the ozone layer of the globe. Direct ultraviolet rays, not blocked by the ozone layer, would be destructive to all living things. These are the unhappy prospects that await humanity with the large-scale use of nuclear weapons.

After the sad events in Japanese cities, development of a hydrogen bomb began. It's time for an arms race. Countries wanted to have weapons more powerful than those of rival countries. The arms race continued until the threat of nuclear war arose. Today, the threat of nuclear war is inhibited by the disarmament of the existing arsenal. But nuclear potential exists in a number of modern states. Also, today the UN convention has banned the use of nuclear weapons in the world.

In the modern world, the headlines of many news publications are full of the words “Nuclear Threat”. This scares many people, and even more people have no idea what to do if this becomes a reality. We will deal with all this further.

From the history of the study of atomic energy

The study of atoms and the energy they release began at the end of the 19th century. A huge contribution to this was made by European scientists and his wife Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein. All of them, to varying degrees, discovered and proved that the atom consists of smaller particles that have a certain energy.

In 1937, Irene Curie and her student discovered and described the process of fission of the uranium atom. And already in the early 1940s in the United States of America, a group of scientists developed the principles of a nuclear explosion. The Alamogordo test site experienced the full power of their development for the first time. It happened on June 16, 1945.

And after 2 months, the first atomic bombs with a yield of about 20 kilotons were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Residents of these settlements did not even imagine the threat of a nuclear explosion. As a result, the casualties amounted to approximately 140 and 75 thousand people, respectively.

It is worth noting that there was no military need for such actions on the part of the United States. The government of the country simply decided to demonstrate its power to the whole world. Fortunately, at the moment this is the only case of the use of such powerful weapons of mass destruction.

Until 1947, this country was the only one that had the knowledge and technology to produce atomic bombs. But in 1947, the USSR caught up with them, thanks to the successful developments of a group of scientists led by Academician Kurchatov. After this, the arms race began. The United States rushed to create thermonuclear bombs as quickly as possible, the first of which had a yield of 3 megatons and was detonated at a test site in November 1952. The USSR caught up with them here, a little more than six months later, having tested similar weapons.

Today, the threat of global nuclear war is constantly in the air. And although dozens of world agreements have been adopted on the non-use of such weapons and the destruction of existing bombs, there are a number of countries that refuse to accept the conditions described in them and continue to develop and test more and more new warheads. Unfortunately, they do not quite understand that the massive use of such weapons can destroy all life on the planet.

What is a nuclear explosion?

North Korea

The most acute threat of nuclear war in the modern world is in connection with the tests being carried out in the DPRK. Its leader states that scientists have already managed to create warheads that can fit on intercontinental missiles that can easily reach US territory. It is difficult to say whether this is true or not, since the country is in political and economic isolation.

North Korea is required to curtail all development and testing of new weapons. They are also asking to allow an IAEA commission to study the situation with the use of radioactive substances. To encourage North Korea to take action, sanctions are introduced. And Pyongyang is really responding to them: it is conducting more and more tests, which have been repeatedly detected from orbital satellites. More than once in the news there has been the idea that at some point Korea might start a war, but through agreements it was possible to restrain it.

It is difficult to say how this confrontation will end, especially after Donald Trump took the presidency of the United States. Both the American and the Korean leaders are characterized by unpredictability. Therefore, any action that seems to threaten the country could lead to the outbreak of a third (and this time the last) world war.

Peaceful atom?

But it is not only the military power of states that expresses the modern nuclear threat. Nuclear energy is also used in power plants. And no matter how sad it sounds, accidents also happen on them. The most famous is the Chernobyl disaster, which happened on April 26, 1986. The amount of radiation that was released into the air during it can be compared to 300 bombs in Hiroshima only in terms of the amount of cesium-137. A radioactive cloud has covered a significant part of the planet, and the areas around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself are still so contaminated that they can give serious radiation sickness to a person staying there in a couple of minutes.

The accident was caused by tests that ended in failure: the workers did not have time to cool the reactor in time, and the roof melted, causing a fire at the station. A beam of ionizing radiation hit the open sky, and the contents of the reactor turned into dust, which became that radioactive cloud.

The second most famous is the accident at the Japanese Fukushima-1 plant. It was caused by a strong earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. As a result, the external and emergency power supply systems failed, which made it impossible to cool the reactors in time. Because of this, they melted. But rescuers were prepared for such a development of events and took all measures as quickly as possible to prevent a disaster.

Then serious consequences were avoided only thanks to the well-coordinated work of the liquidators. But there have been several dozen minor accidents in the world. All of them carried the threat of radioactive contamination and radiation sickness.

Therefore, we can say that man has not yet completely managed to tame the energy of the atom. And even if all radioactive warheads are destroyed, the problems of the nuclear threat will not completely disappear. This is precisely the force that, in addition to its benefits, is capable of causing serious destruction and destroying life on earth. Therefore, it is necessary to treat nuclear energy as responsibly as possible and not play with fire, as the powers that be do.

Wars left their mark on the development of society in all previous eras of the development of human civilization. In the 20th century alone, more than 100 million people died in two world and local wars. And in the second half of this century, nuclear weapons appeared, and a real threat arose of the destruction of entire countries and even continents, that is, almost all of modern civilization and life on Earth in general.

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device in which the source of energy is the synthesis or fission of atomic nuclei - a nuclear reaction. Devices that use the energy released during the fusion of light nuclei are called thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons include both nuclear weapons and the means of delivering them to the target and means of control. Nuclear weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) along with biological and chemical weapons. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device in which the source of energy is the synthesis or fission of atomic nuclei - a nuclear reaction. Devices that use the energy released during the fusion of light nuclei are called thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons include both nuclear weapons and the means of delivering them to the target and means of control. Nuclear weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) along with biological and chemical weapons.

A nuclear explosion can be carried out in the air at various heights (air is the most effective of all), at the surface of the earth (ground) or water (surface), underground (underground) and under water (underwater), as well as in space (high-altitude and space). ). A nuclear explosion can be carried out in the air at various heights (air is the most effective of all), at the surface of the earth (ground) or water (surface), underground (underground) and under water (underwater), as well as in space (high-altitude and space). ).

On July 24, 1946, tests of the 21-kiloton Baker ammunition (USA) were carried out. On July 24, 1946, tests of the 21-kiloton Baker ammunition (USA) were carried out. Underwater nuclear explosion on Bikini Atoll. Underwater nuclear explosion on Bikini Atoll.

On August 30, 1961, in the Soviet Union, within the nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya (73°51 N 54°30 E), a thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) was detonated at an altitude of 4500 m. The power of the explosion was 58 megatons of TNT. On August 30, 1961, in the Soviet Union, within the nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya (73°51 N 54°30 E), a thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) was detonated at an altitude of 4500 m. The power of the explosion was 58 megatons of TNT.

On July 7, 1977, the first test of a “humane weapon” took place in the United States - a neutron bomb, which, being a type of low-power nuclear weapon, destroys organic life using neutron irradiation without causing damage to buildings, structures and equipment. On July 7, 1977, the first test of a “humane weapon” took place in the United States - a neutron bomb, which, being a type of low-power nuclear weapon, destroys organic life using neutron irradiation without causing damage to buildings, structures and equipment.

Intercontinental ballistic missile RSM-56 "Bulava". The successful launch was carried out on September 18, 2008 at 18:45 Moscow time by a Russian submarine missile cruiser from an underwater position. Intercontinental ballistic missile RSM-56 "Bulava". The successful launch was carried out on September 18, 2008 at 18:45 Moscow time by a Russian submarine missile cruiser from an underwater position.

Consequently, modern war is turning into a global problem for all mankind. Consequently, modern war is turning into a global problem for all mankind. The catastrophe will not bypass agriculture and major ecosystems and will entail a global environmental catastrophe. The catastrophe will not bypass agriculture and major ecosystems and will entail a global environmental catastrophe.

According to a report by the US National Academy of Sciences, up to Mt of nuclear warheads could be detonated in a global nuclear war. The first harmful effect of nuclear explosions of such total force will be the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. As a result of explosions and fires, up to 5 million tons of soot will fall into the stratosphere (to an altitude of up to 80 km). According to a report by the US National Academy of Sciences, up to Mt of nuclear warheads could be detonated in a global nuclear war. The first harmful effect of nuclear explosions of such total force will be the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. As a result of explosions and fires, up to 5 million tons of soot will fall into the stratosphere (to an altitude of up to 80 km).

By absorbing sunlight, the soot will heat up and heat the gases around it, which will significantly speed up the chemical reactions that lead to the breakdown of stratospheric ozone. The total amount of ozone will decrease by 20%, in mid-latitudes - by 25-45%, in general by 70% over the Northern Hemisphere and by 40% over the Southern Hemisphere. By absorbing sunlight, the soot will heat up and heat the gases around it, which will significantly speed up the chemical reactions that lead to the breakdown of stratospheric ozone. The total amount of ozone will decrease by 20%, in mid-latitudes - by 25-45%, in general by 70% over the Northern Hemisphere and by 40% over the Southern Hemisphere.

The ozone layer supports life on Earth by shielding (retaining) approximately 2/3 of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is believed that the formation of the ozone layer about 600 million years ago was the condition that gave rise to multicellular organisms and life in general on Earth. The ozone layer supports life on Earth by shielding (retaining) approximately 2/3 of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is believed that the formation of the ozone layer about 600 million years ago was the condition that gave rise to multicellular organisms and life in general on Earth.

Thus, the destruction of the ozone layer will have disastrous consequences for many forms of life (especially for the inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems): people will receive extensive burns and skin cancer; some plants and small organisms will die instantly; many people and animals will become blind and lose their ability to navigate. Thus, the destruction of the ozone layer will have disastrous consequences for many forms of life (especially for the inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems): people will receive extensive burns and skin cancer; some plants and small organisms will die instantly; many people and animals will become blind and lose their ability to navigate.

With the onset of “nuclear winter,” a sharp, strong (from 15º to 40º C in different regions) long-term cooling of the air over all continents will be observed. The consequences will be especially severe in the summer, when temperatures over land in the Northern Hemisphere drop below the freezing point of water. In other words, all living things that do not burn in fires will freeze. With the onset of “nuclear winter,” a sharp, strong (from 15º to 40º C in different regions) long-term cooling of the air over all continents will be observed. The consequences will be especially severe in the summer, when temperatures over land in the Northern Hemisphere drop below the freezing point of water. In other words, all living things that do not burn in fires will freeze.

The Scientific Committee for the Study of Problems of Environmental Protection (SCOPE) has released a two-volume publication devoted to assessments of the climatic and environmental consequences of nuclear war. “Nuclear winter,” it says, “means a significant increase in the scale of suffering for humanity, including nations and regions not directly involved in nuclear war... Nuclear war would cause the destruction of life on Earth, a catastrophe unprecedented in human history, and would result in a threat to the very existence of humanity." The Scientific Committee for the Study of Problems of Environmental Protection (SCOPE) has released a two-volume publication devoted to assessments of the climatic and environmental consequences of nuclear war. “Nuclear winter,” it says, “means a significant increase in the scale of suffering for humanity, including nations and regions not directly involved in nuclear war... Nuclear war would cause the destruction of life on Earth, a catastrophe unprecedented in human history, and would result in a threat to the very existence of humanity."

In the central regions of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature will drop to -31°C. The temperature of the world's oceans will remain above 0°C. Due to the large temperature difference, severe storms will occur and tsunamis will form. In the central regions of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature will drop to -31°C. The temperature of the world's oceans will remain above 0°C. Due to the large temperature difference, severe storms will occur and tsunamis will form.

Electromagnetic pulses from nuclear explosions will completely destroy electronic communication systems, electrical networks and the electromagnetic field of the Earth. The destruction of the Earth's electromagnetic field will cause severe natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, floods, and so on. Water and air will be mixed into one mass. The weather will be considered good when there is no hurricane wind. Electromagnetic pulses from nuclear explosions will completely destroy electronic communication systems, electrical networks and the electromagnetic field of the Earth. The destruction of the Earth's electromagnetic field will cause severe natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, floods, and so on. Water and air will be mixed into one mass. The weather will be considered good when there is no hurricane wind.

People who survived nuclear explosions will begin to suffer from radiation in the very first days. Radiation will be carried by natural disasters and will be everywhere: in the air, in water, in soil. Penetrating radiation lasts only a second after the explosion. However, this is enough to cause a serious illness called radiation sickness in unprotected people and animals. The action of penetrating radiation is based on the fact that gamma rays and neutrons ionize the molecules of living tissues. People who survived nuclear explosions will begin to suffer from radiation in the very first days. Radiation will be carried by natural disasters and will be everywhere: in the air, in water, in soil. Penetrating radiation lasts only a second after the explosion. However, this is enough to cause a serious illness called radiation sickness in unprotected people and animals. The action of penetrating radiation is based on the fact that gamma rays and neutrons ionize the molecules of living tissues.

This leads to disruption of normal metabolism in the human or animal body, changes in the vital activity of cells and individual organs. The radiation is invisible to humans. Signs of the disease appear only after a certain time, and the further development of the disease depends on the radiation dose received. This leads to disruption of normal metabolism in the human or animal body, changes in the vital activity of cells and individual organs. The radiation is invisible to humans. Signs of the disease appear only after a certain time, and the further development of the disease depends on the radiation dose received.

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Slide captions:

Nuclear weapons are a threat to life on Earth. The work was carried out by: Teacher-organizer of life safety of MBOU “School No. 113”, Kazan: Turunovskaya E.A. 2013

What are nuclear weapons? -One of the most destructive means of warfare. - Weapons of mass destruction. (In a short time it affects a large number of people and animals). - It was first developed in the USA during the Second World War.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Shock wave Light radiation Electromagnetic pulse Radiation contamination Penetrating radiation

Types of explosions Ground Underground Surface Underwater Air High-altitude

On July 24, 1946, tests of the 21-kiloton Baker ammunition (USA) were carried out. Underwater nuclear explosion on Bikini Atoll.

On August 30, 1961, in the Soviet Union, within the nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya (73°51′ N 54°30′ E), a thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) was detonated at an altitude of 4500 m. The power of the explosion was 58 megatons of TNT.

The total power of nuclear weapons already accumulated in the world is more than sufficient to destroy all life on Earth more than once...

Consequently, modern war is turning into a global problem for all mankind. The catastrophe will not bypass agriculture and major ecosystems and will entail a global environmental catastrophe.

According to a report by the US National Academy of Sciences, up to 10,000 Mt of nuclear warheads could be detonated in a global nuclear war. The first harmful effect of nuclear explosions of such total force will be the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. As a result of explosions and fires, up to 5 million tons of soot will fall into the stratosphere (to an altitude of up to 80 km).

People of the Earth! Don't put nuclear weapons into outer space! Don't destroy life on the planet!