Geological structure of Eurasia. Mainland Eurasia Platforms of Eurasia, which are located on the territory of Russia
Geography
General geography
Continents
Eurasia
Geographical position
Eurasia- the largest continent on the planet. It occupies 1/3 of the land (54.3 million km2). Eurasia is formed by two parts of the world - Europe and Asia, the conventional border between which is the Ural Mountains (Fig. 26). The continent is entirely located in the Northern Hemisphere. In the north it goes far beyond the Arctic Circle (Cape Chelyuskin), and in the south it almost reaches the equator (Cape Piai). Only the Greater Sunda Islands lie in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the continent is in the Eastern Hemisphere. Only the extreme western and eastern parts with a number of islands lie in the Western Hemisphere. The westernmost point is Cape Roka, and the easternmost point is Cape Dezhnev. Rice. 26. Eurasia
Eurasia is the only continent that is washed by all oceans: in the north - the Arctic, in the south - the Indian, in the west - the Atlantic, in the east - the Pacific. It has a significant shelf zone, a very indented coastline and the largest number of islands and peninsulas.
Eurasia is closest to Africa, from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Gibraltar and the Suez Canal. The Bering Strait separates Eurasia from North America. In the distant past, the southeastern part of Eurasia was connected by a land bridge to Australia. Now this connection has been lost. South America and Antarctica are located very far from Eurasia.
Relief features
Eurasia is significantly higher than other continents (except Antarctica); the highest mountain systems of the planet are located on its territory - the Himalayas, Kun Lun, Hindu Kush, Pamir. The plains of Eurasia are large in size, there are much more of them than on other continents. Eurasia has the largest amplitude of heights (the city of Chomolungma, 8848 m - the Dead Sea depression, 395 m). Unlike other continents, mountains in Eurasia are located not only on the outskirts, but also in the center. There are two huge mountain belts: Pacific (most mobile) in the east and Alpine-Himalayan in the south and west. The relief of Eurasia was formed within several ancient platforms, connected by folded belts of different ages. The Eurasian lithospheric plate includes ancient platforms: Siberian, Chinese, Eastern European, Arabian and Indian, on which great plains of varying heights are located (from lowlands to plateaus). Areas of folding arose between the ancient platforms, merged into huge mountain belts and connected the platforms into a single whole. Now active mining processes are occurring in the east of Eurasia, at the junction of the Pacific and Eurasian lithospheric plates. There are many volcanoes here, and earthquakes occur frequently, both on land and in the ocean.
Features of the climate of Eurasia
The climate of Eurasia is closely related to its large size. The continent is characterized by an exceptional diversity of climatic conditions, which is facilitated by a number of factors (Figure 6). The climate of Eurasia is more diverse and contrasting than that of North America. Here the summers are warmer and the winters colder (the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere is located in the Oymyakon depression, -71 °C). There is quite a lot of precipitation, especially along the outskirts (except for the coast of the Arctic Ocean). In the south is the wettest place on Earth - the town of Chepuranji (south-eastern slopes of the Himalayas), where over 10,000 mm of precipitation falls per year. However, the climate of Eurasia is generally drier than that of North America. In the mountains of Eurasia, as on other continents, climatic conditions change with altitude. They are most strict in high mountain areas, especially in the Pamirs and Tibet.
Due to its large size and geographic location, all climatic zones are represented in Eurasia, but also all known on the ground climate types. In the north there are arctic and subarctic climate zones with low average air temperatures and low precipitation. The largest area is occupied by the temperate zone, because it is in the temperate latitudes that Eurasia is most elongated from west to east. Here the climatic conditions are different, and one type of climate changes another. Thus, in the west the climate is maritime, in the east it changes to moderate continental, continental, sharply continental (in the center); on the east coast there is a monsoon climate with warm, humid summers and cold, dry winters. In the subtropical zone there are three climatic regions with Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climates.
Peculiar climatic conditions have formed near the Northern Tropic. Here in western Asia it is dry and hot all year round, which is explained by the influence of continental tropical air, and in the east a subequatorial climate type with monsoon atmospheric circulation has formed.
Inland waters
On the territory of Eurasia there are all types of land waters. There are deep rivers, deep lakes, powerful glaciers in mountainous and polar regions, large areas of swamps and permafrost, and significant groundwater reservoirs. Large rivers Eurasia originates mainly in the interior regions of the continent. A characteristic feature of the continent is the presence of large areas of internal drainage basins; rivers do not reach the oceans, but flow into lakes (Volga, Syrdarya, etc.) or are lost in the sands of deserts.
The rivers of Eurasia belong to the basins of the Arctic (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, etc.), Pacific (Amur, Yellow River, Yangtze, Mekong), Indian (Indus, Gang, etc.), Atlantic (Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Elbe, Vistula etc.) oceans.
Lakes Eurasians are unevenly distributed and have different basin origins. It is on the territory of Eurasia that the deepest lake in the world is located - Baikal (1620 m) and the largest lake in terms of water surface area on Earth - the Caspian (371,000 km 2). In the north-west there are lakes that were formed as a result of the subsidence of the earth's crust and the influence of an ancient glacier (Ladoga, Onega, Venern, etc.). Tectonic lakes formed in the faults of the earth's crust - Lake Constance, Balaton, Dead Sea, Baikal. There are karst lakes.
Valuable natural resources are The groundwater, especially large reserves of which lie under the Western Siberian Plain. Groundwater not only feeds rivers and lakes, it is also consumed by the population as drinking water.
Swamps distributed in the north of Eurasia, in the tundra and taiga regions.
Modern glaciation occupies significant areas on many islands (Iceland, Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya), as well as in the mountains (Alps, Himalayas, Tien Shan, Pamir). Mountain glaciers feed numerous rivers.
Environmental problems of the inland waters of Eurasia require constant attention, because the pollution of such large fresh water reservoirs as Lake Baikal, the rivers of Siberia, the Far East, China and India is dangerous for all organic life on the continent.
Natural areas
The diversity of natural zones in Eurasia is associated with large differences in climatic conditions (combination of heat and moisture) and structural features of the continent's surface. That is, the formation of natural zones is influenced by both zonal and azonal factors. Recently, the anthropogenic factor has become of particular importance, because the components of nature are increasingly changing under the influence of human economic activity. Eurasia lies in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere; All climate types of the Earth are represented on the continent, so there are all natural complexesour planet(Table 10) . The location of natural zones in Eurasia, as on other continents, is subject to the law of broad zonality, that is, they change from north to south with increasing amounts of solar radiation. However, there are also significant differences, which is explained by the conditions of atmospheric circulation over the continent. In Eurasia, as in North America, some natural zones replace each other from west to east, because the eastern and western outskirts of the continent are the most humid, and the interior regions are much drier. So, the main reasons on which the location of natural zones in Eurasia depends are changes in temperature conditions, annual precipitation, and relief features.
Table 10
Locations of natural zones of Eurasia
The temperate climate zone contains the largest natural zones, and the largest area is occupied by the taiga zone.
Areas with altitudinal zones also occupy most of the continent's territory. The altitudinal zonation is especially clearly represented in the Himalayas, where all the natural zones of the Earth are located, and the upper limit of the distribution of vegetation passes at an altitude of 6218 m.
Natural zones of Eurasia are similar to those in North America. The vegetation and fauna in the northern part of these continents are very similar. However, there are significant differences. In Eurasia, natural zones are more diverse; the natural complexes of arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra do not extend as far south as in North America. Here, zones of taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, semi-deserts and deserts occupy a large area, and the areas of altitudinal zones are larger than in North America.
Population, political map and economy of Eurasia
Eurasia is the most populated continent; 2/3 of the planet's population lives here. Representatives of the Mongoloid and Caucasian races live on the mainland, and representatives of the Australoid race live on the islands of Indonesia. Mongoloids live in eastern Asia, Caucasoids live in western and southern Asia, in Europe. National composition The mainland's population is very complex. Europe is inhabited by Slavic peoples, Germans, French, Italians, Spaniards, Irish, English; Norwegians, Swedes, and Finns live in the north of the region. Southwest Asia is inhabited by Arab peoples, as well as Turks, Kurds and Persians; Northern Asia - Russians; South - Hindustani, Bengalis, Pakistanis; Southeast - Vietnamese, Thais, Burmese, Malays. Tibetans, Uighurs, and Mongols live in Central Asia, and Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans live in Eastern Asia.
By linguistic composition Europe's population is quite diverse. In Europe there live peoples who speak Slavic languages, languages of the Romance and Germanic groups. In Asia, many peoples speak languages of the Altai language group, Indian and Sino-Tibetan languages. The peoples of South-West Asia communicate in Arabic and Iranian languages. In southeast Asia, peoples speak languages belonging to the Austronesian group.
The population is distributed unevenly across the continent. Here we can distinguish areas with a rural population density of more than 100 people/km 2 (South Asia, Eastern China). Western Europe is also densely populated (especially the Atlantic coast), but has a predominantly urban population. A significant part of the continent is very sparsely populated (less than 1 person/km2). These are the highlands of Tibet and Gobi, Central and Northern Asia, the Arabian Peninsula.
Political map Eurasia began to form a very long time ago, so now it is very colorful. There are more than 80 countries, including large ones (China, Russia, India) and very small ones (San Marino, Singapore, etc.). The political map of Western Europe is very diverse. A significant part of the countries has access to the sea, which contributes to their economic development. The continent's political map continues to change.
To the farm Eurasian countries are characterized by diversity. On the mainland there are economically developed states, countries with an average level of development, as well as many of the poorest countries in the world (Figure 7).
Scheme 7
This article will consider the largest continent - Eurasia. It received this name due to the combination of two words - Europe and Asia, which personify two parts of the world: Europe and Asia, which are united as part of this continent; the islands also belong to Eurasia.
The area of Eurasia is 54.759 million km2, which is 36% of the total land area. The area of the Eurasian islands is 3.45 million km2. The population of Eurasia is also impressive, as it accounts for 70% of the total population on the entire planet. As of 2010, the population of the Eurasian continent was already more than 5 billion people.
Continent Eurasia is the only continent on planet Earth that is washed by 4 oceans at once. The Pacific Ocean borders the continent in the east, the Arctic Ocean borders the north, the Atlantic Ocean borders the continent in the west, and the Indian Ocean borders the south.
The size of Eurasia is quite impressive. The length of Eurasia when viewed from west to east is 18,000 kilometers and 8,000 kilometers when viewed from north to south.
Eurasia has all the climatic zones, natural zones and climatic zones that exist on the planet.
The extreme points of Eurasia, which are located on the mainland:
We can distinguish four extreme continental points that Eurasia has:
1) In the north of the continent, the extreme point is considered to be Cape Chelyuskin (77°43′ N), which is located on the territory of the country of Russia.
2) In the south of the mainland, the extreme point is considered to be Cape Piai (1 ° 16′ N), which is located in the country of Malaysia.
3) In the west of the mainland, the extreme point is Cape Roca (9º31′ W), which is located in the country of Portugal.
4) And finally, in the east of Eurasia, the extreme point is Cape Dezhnev (169°42′ W), which also belongs to the country of Russia.
Structure of the continent Eurasia
The structure of the Eurasian continent is different from all other continents. First of all, because the continent consists of several plates and platforms, and also because the continent, in its formation, is considered the youngest of all the others.
The northern part of Eurasia consists of the Siberian Platform, the East European Platform, and the West Siberian Plate. In the east, Eurasia consists of two plates: it includes the South China Plate and also includes the Sino-Korean Plate. In the west, the continent includes plates of Paleozoic platforms and Hercynian folding. The southern part of the continent consists of the Arabian and Indian platforms, the Iranian plate and part of the Alpine and Mesozoic folds. The central part of Eurasia consists of Aleozoic folding and the Paleozoic platform plate.
Platforms of Eurasia, which are located on the territory of Russia
The Eurasian continent has many large cracks and faults, which are located in Lake Baikal, Siberia, Tibet and other regions.
Relief of Eurasia
Due to its size, Eurasia as a continent has the most diverse topography on the planet. The continent itself is considered the highest continent on the planet. Above the highest point of the continent of Eurasia is only the continent of Antarctica, but it is higher only due to the thickness of the ice covering the land. The landmass of Antarctica itself does not exceed Eurasia in height. It is in Eurasia that the largest plains in area and the highest and most extensive mountain systems are located. Also in Eurasia there are the Himalayas, which are the highest mountains on planet Earth. Accordingly, the highest mountain in the world is located on the territory of Eurasia - this is Chomolungma (Everest - height 8,848 m).
Today, the relief of Eurasia is determined by intense tectonic movements. Many regions on the Eurasian continent are characterized by high seismic activity. There are also active volcanoes in Eurasia, which include volcanoes in Iceland, Kamchatka, the Mediterranean and others.
Climate of Eurasia
Continent Eurasia is the only continent on which all climatic zones and climatic zones are present. In the north of the continent there are Arctic and subarctic zones. The climate here is very cold and harsh. To the south begins a wide strip of the temperate zone. Due to the fact that the length of the continent from west to east is very enormous, the following zones are distinguished in the temperate zone: maritime climate in the west, then temperate continental, continental and monsoon climates.
To the south of the temperate zone lies the subtropical zone, which is also divided from the west into three zones: Mediterranean climate, continental and monsoon climate. The very south of the continent is occupied by the tropical and subequatorial zones. The equatorial belt is located on the islands of Eurasia.
Inland waters on the Eurasian continent
The continent of Eurasia differs not only in the amount of water that washes it on all sides, but also in the size of its internal water resources. This continent is the richest in terms of groundwater and surface water. It is on the continent of Eurasia that the largest rivers on the planet are located, which flow into all the oceans washing the continent. Such rivers include the Yangtze, Ob, Yellow River, Mekong, and Amur. It is on the territory of Eurasia that the largest and deepest bodies of water are located. These include the largest lake in the world - the Caspian Sea, the deepest lake in the world - Baikal. Groundwater resources are distributed quite unevenly on the mainland.
As of 2018, on the territory of Eurasia there are 92 independent states that are fully functioning. The largest country in the world, Russia, is also located in Eurasia. By clicking on the link you can see the full list of countries with area and population. Accordingly, Eurasia is most rich in the nationalities of the people living on it.
Fauna and flora on the Eurasian continent
Since all natural zones are present on the Eurasian continent, the diversity of flora and fauna is simply enormous. The continent is inhabited by a variety of birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and other representatives of the animal world. The most famous representatives of the animal world in Eurasia are the brown bear, fox, wolf, hares, deer, elk, and squirrels. The list goes on and on, as a wide variety of animals can be found on the mainland. Also birds, fish, which have adapted to both low temperatures and arid climates.
Mainland Eurasia video:
Due to the size and location of the continent, the flora is also very diverse. On the mainland there are deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests. There are tundra, taiga, semi-deserts and deserts. The most famous representatives of trees are birch, oak, ash, poplar, chestnut, linden and many others. Also a variety of species of grasses and shrubs. The poorest region on the mainland in terms of flora and fauna is the far north, where only mosses and lichens can be found. But the further you go to the south, the more diverse and rich the flora and fauna on the mainland.
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Unlike other continents, which are large fragments of the crushed proto-continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, Eurasia was formed as a result of the unification of ancient lithospheric blocks. Coming together under the influence of internal processes, at different geological times these blocks were connected by “seams” of folded belts, gradually “composing” the continent in its modern configuration and size (see pictures).
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The modern continent of Eurasia is located in the junction zone of five large lithospheric plates. Four of them are continental, one is oceanic. Most of Eurasia belongs to the continental Eurasian plate. The southern peninsulas of Asia belong to two different continental plates: the Arabian (Arabian Peninsula) and the Indo-Australian (Indian Peninsula). The northeastern margin of Eurasia is part of the fourth continental plate - the North American. And the eastern part of the continent with the adjacent islands is the zone of interaction between Eurasia and the oceanic Pacific plate. In the zones of junction of lithospheric plates, fold belts are formed. On the southern edge of the Eurasian plate - the Alpine-Himalayan belt: it contains the southern edge of Europe, the Crimea peninsula and Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Armenian and Iranian plateaus, the Himalayas. On the eastern edge of the continent - the Pacific belt, which contains the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Islands, the Kuril Islands, the Japanese Islands, and the Malay Archipelago.
IN composition of continent Eurasia, includes five ancient platforms; all of them are “shards” of the ancient continent Pangea. Three platforms - East European, Siberian and Chinese - after the split of Pangea made up the ancient northern continent of Laurasia. Two - Arabian and Indian - were part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana. The platforms are “connected” to each other by folded belts formed at different geological times.
All ancient platforms of Eurasia They have a two-tier structure: the rocks of the sedimentary cover lie on a crystalline foundation. The foundations are composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks, the sedimentary cover is composed of marine and continental sedimentary rocks. Each platform contains plates and shields.
Each platform has its own characteristics. The Chinese platform is fragmented into several disparate blocks, the largest of which are Chinese-Korean And South China. The Siberian and Indian platforms are penetrated to the base by ancient powerful cracks and volcanic intrusions (intrusions). The foundation of the East European Platform is dissected by troughs and deep depressions. The Arabian platform is split and stretched into pieces by a modern fault - the rift (see pictures on the right). Sedimentary covers of platforms differ in thickness and the rocks composing them. The Eurasian platforms are characterized by different intensities of modern tectonic movements.
Fold belts in Eurasia formed at different geological times. During ancient folding, the Atlantic and Ural-Mongolian belts were formed. Subsequently, different areas of these belts developed differently: some experienced subsidence, others experienced uplift. Those that sank were flooded by the seas, and a thick layer of marine sediments gradually accumulated on the folded base. These areas acquired a two-tier structure. This - young platforms , the largest of which are Western European and Scythian (in Europe), West Siberian and Turanian (in Asia). The areas that experienced uplift were folded mountain systems (Tian Shan, Altai, Sayan Mountains). Throughout their existence, their folds (mountain ranges) were exposed to external forces. Therefore, at present they are heavily destroyed, and ancient crystalline rocks are exposed on the surface.
Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific pleated belts arose at a later geological time and have not yet been fully formed. They are young. The surface of the mountains that represent these belts has not yet had time to collapse. Therefore, it is composed of young sedimentary rocks of marine origin, hiding at considerable depth the crystalline cores of the folds. These belts are characterized by high seismicity - volcanism manifests itself here, and earthquake sources are concentrated. In such areas, volcanic rocks overlie sedimentary rocks or are embedded in their thickness.
Now let's move on to minerals.
Author informationKonovalova Natalya Vasilievna
Place of work, position:
MBOU Secondary School No. 86, Chelyabinsk, geography teacher
Chelyabinsk region
Resource characteristics
Education levels:
Basic general education
Class(es):
Item(s):
Geography
The target audience:
Teacher (teacher)
Resource type:
Test (test) work
Brief description of the resource:
A test on the topic "Lithosphere and topography of the Earth" will test the knowledge of 7th grade students on this topic
Lithosphere and relief of the Earth. 7th grade
Option 1.
1. How many years ago was planet Earth formed?
Which line shows the correct sequence of geological eras?
1. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Mesozoic - Cenazoic;
2. Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Archean - Cenazoic;
3. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenazoic;
4. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Cenazoic - Mesozoic;
The thickness of the continental crust is:
1. less than 5 km; 2. from 5 to 10 km; 3. from 35 to 80 km; 4. from 80 to 150 km.
Where is the earth's crust thickest?
2. in the Himalayas; 4. in the Amazonian lowland.
Part of Eurasia is located on a lithospheric plate:
1. African; 3. Indo-Australian;
2. Antarctic; 4.Pacific.
Earth's seismic belts are formed:
1. at the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates;
2. at the boundaries of the separation and rupture of lithospheric plates;
3. in areas where lithospheric plates slide parallel to each other;
4. all options are correct.
Which of the following mountains are among the most ancient?
On which line are mountain structures placed in the correct order by time of origin (from ancient to young)?
1. Himalayas - Ural Mountains - Cordillera; 3. Ural Mountains - Cordillera - Himalayas;
2. Ural Mountains - Himalayas - Cordillera; 4. Cordillera - Ural Mountains - Himalayas.
What landforms are formed in areas of folding?
1. mountains; 2. plains; 3. platforms; 4. lowlands.
Relatively stable and leveled sections of the earth's crust underlying modern continents are:
1. lithospheric plates move slowly through the soft plastic material of the mantle;
2. continental lithospheric plates are lighter than oceanic ones;
3. the movement of lithospheric plates occurs at a speed of 111 km per year;
4. The boundaries of lithospheric plates exactly correspond to the boundaries of the continents.
If it is established on the map of the structure of the earth’s crust that the territory is located in the area of the new (Cenozoic folding), then we can conclude that:
1. there is a high probability of earthquakes;
2. it is located on a large plain;
3. At the base of the territory there is a platform.
How does the oceanic crust differ from the continental crust:
1. absence of a sedimentary layer; 2. absence of a granite layer; 3. absence of a granite layer.
Arrange the rock layers of the continental crust from bottom to top:
Read the text.
On May 21, 1960, an earthquake occurred in the city of Concepcion, located on the territory of the state of Chile, followed by a series of tremors. Buildings collapsed, killing thousands of people under the rubble. On May 24 at six o'clock in the morning, tsunami waves approached the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka.
Why do earthquakes often occur in this area? Give at least two statements.
Lithosphere and relief of the Earth.
Option 2.
1. What is the age of planet Earth?
1. 6 -7 billion; 2. 4.5 - 5 billion; 3. 1 - 1.5 billion 4. 700 -800 million
2 . Which line shows the correct sequence of geological eras?
1. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Cenazoic - Mesozoic;
2. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic - Mesozoic - Cenazoic;
3. Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Archean - Cenazoic;
4. Archean - Proterozoic - Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenazoic;
3. The thickness of the oceanic crust is:
1. less than 5 km; 2. from 5 to 30 km; 3. from 35 to 80 km; 4. from 80 to 150 km.
4. Where is the earth's crust thinnest?
1. on the West Siberian Plain; 3. at the bottom of the ocean
2. in the Caucasus; 4. in the Amazonian lowland.
5. How many large lithospheric plates are there on the globe?
1. 5; 2. 7; 3. 9; 4. 12.
6. Boundary areas between lithospheric plates, in which volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur, are:
1. platforms; 2. mountains; 3. seismic belts; 4. oceanic plains.
7. Which of the following mountains are the youngest?
1. Scandinavian; 2. Ural; 3. Himalayas; 4. Andes.
8. In which line are the mountain structures in the correct order according to the time of their appearance (from ancient to young)?
1. Himalayas - Ural Mountains - Caucasus; 3. Ural Mountains - Caucasus - Himalayas;
2. Ural Mountains - Himalayas - Caucasus; 4. Caucasus - Ural Mountains - Himalayas.
9 . What landforms correspond to the platforms?
1. mountains; 2. plains; 3. areas of folding; 4. mid-ocean ridges.
10 . Relatively stable and leveled sections of the earth's crust underlying modern continents are:
1. continental shallows; 2. platforms; 3. seismic belts; 4. islands.
11. Which statement about lithospheric plates is true?
1. all lithospheric plates have the same structure;
2. most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur in seismic belts;
3. according to the lithospheric theory, there used to be more continents on Earth, then they gradually connected;
4. Seismic belts lie at the base of modern continents.
12. Using a map of the structure of the earth's crust, determine on which island (peninsula) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are possible?
1. o. Tierra del Fuego (near the southern tip of South America);
2. o. Greenland;
3. Scandinavian Peninsula;
4. O. Novaya Zemlya (north of Eurasia).
13. How does the continental crust differ from the oceanic crust?
1. the presence of a sedimentary layer; 2. the presence of a granite layer; 3. the presence of a basalt layer.
14. Arrange the rock layers of the continental crust from top to bottom:
1. granite layer; 2. basalt layer; 3. sedimentary layer.
15 . Read the text.
The city of Amero was located at the foot of a high cone-shaped mountain (5 ° s.sh., 76 ° W) in the Andes. In 1985, gases and lava began to escape from a depression in the center of the mountain. They melted the snow and ice on the top. The resulting torrent of mud, rocks and volcanic ash completely destroyed the city and several other settlements.
Why do earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur frequently in this area?
